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i-manager's Journal on Electrical Engineering (JEE)

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Volume 3 Issue 1 July - September 2009

Research Paper

Management of Power for Target Tracking Sensor Networks by using Low Latency Sleep Schedule

S. Anandamurugan* **

* Senior Lecturer, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode.

** Principal, Surya Engineering College, Erode.

S. Anandamurugan and C. Venkatesh (2009). Management of Power for Target Tracking Sensor Networks by using Low Latency Sleep Schedule. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 3(1), Jul-Sep 2009, Print ISSN 0973-8835, E-ISSN 2230-7176, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.3.1.995

Abstract

Energy management in sensor networks is a critical issue to prolong the network lifetime. However, the end-to-end latency increases due to energy saving algorithms. We propose a new protocol, LLSS (Low Latency Sleep Schedule) that provides a dynamic sleep schedule for the radios to increase the network lifetime as well as transmit the target's information to the sink with low end-to-end latency. In the surveillance state, the radios of interior nodes are put into sleep using a static schedule. If a target arrives, radio schedule of the nodes nearby the target is dynamically changed to wake up the neighbors and start sensing before the target reaches their location. The intermediate nodes in the target to sink path is activated in order to transmit the information to the sink with low latency. We show theoretically how the energy consumption of the interior and border nodes is balanced using our schedule. Our approach is to (1) increase the network lifetime (2) transmit the target location to the sink with low latency. Simulation results show that LLSS provides low latency when compared to S-MAC and increases the network lifetime by 25% more than S-MAC at low load.

References

[1]. H.Yang and B.Sikdar, "A Protocol for Tracking Mobile Targets using Sensor Networks,"Proc. of IEEE SNPA 03, 11 May, 2003.

[2]. R.R.Brooks, P. Ramanathan, and A.M.Sayeed, "Distributed Target Classification and Tracking in Sensor Networks," IEEE Proceedings, Vol. 91, No. 8, Aug 2003.

[3]. Dan Li, K D Wong, H.Hu and A.M Sayeed, "Detection, Classification and Tracking of Targets in Distributed Sensor Networks," Tech. Rep., Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison.

[4]. R.Gupta, and Samir R. Das, "Tracking Moving Targets in a Smart Sensor Network," Tech Rep., University of Cincinnati, OH.

[5]. Y. Zou, and K. Chakrabarty, "Target localization based on Energy considerations in Distributed Sensor Networks," Elsevier, Ad hoc Networks 1, pp. 261-272, 2003.

[6]. Alberto Cerpa and D. Estrin, "ASCENT: Adaptive Self- Configuring sEnsor Network Topologies," Proc. of INFOCOM 2002, New York, 2002.

[7]. Benjie Chen, K Jamieson, H Balakrishnan, and Robert Morris, "Span: An Energy-efficient Coordination Algorithm for Topology Maintenance in Ad hoc Wireless Networks," ACM Wireless Networks, Vol. 8, No. 5, Sep 2002.

[8]. Curt Schurgers, V. Tsiatsis, S. Ganeriwal and M. Srivastava, " Optimizing Sensor Networks in the Energy-Latency-Density Design space," IEEE Trans. on Mobile Computing, Vol 1, pp. 70- 80, Jan-Mar 2002.

[9]. I.Demikol, C. Ersoy, and F. Alagoz, "MAC protocols for wireless Sensor Networks: a Survey," Tech. Rep., Bogazici University, Turkey.

[10]. V. Rajendran, K.Obraczka, J.J. Garcia-Luna- Aceves, "Energy-Efficient Collision Free Medium Access Control for Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. of SenSys 2003, Nov 5-7, Los Angeles, 2003.

[11]. U. Cetintemel, A. Flinders, and Y. Sun, "Power efficient data dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. of MobiDE 2003, Sep 19, California, USA, 2003

[12].LAN MAN Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society. IEEE Std. 802.11- 1999, Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications IEEE, 1999.

[13]. W. Ye, J. Heidemann, D. Estrin, "An Energy- Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. of INFOCOM 2002, New York, 2002.

[14]. T. Dam, K. Langendoen, "An Adaptive Energy- Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. of SenSys 2003, Los Angeles, California, 2003.

[15]. G. Lu, B. Krishnamachari, C.S. Raghavendra, "An Adaptive Energy-Efficient and Low-Latency MAC for Data Gathering in Sensor Networks," Proc. of WMAN 2004, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 2004.

[16]. Chao Gui and Prasant Mohapatra, "Power Conservation and Quality of Surveillance in Target Tracking Sensor Networks," Proc. of Mobicom 2004, University of California, Davis, 2004.

[17]. L Bajaj, Mineo Takai, Rajat Ahuja, Ken Tang, R Bagrodia, and Mario Gerla, "GloMoSim: A Scalable Network Simulation Environment," UCLA

[18]. A.M.Khedr, "Tracking Mobile Targets using Grid sensor networks,”GESJ:Computerscience and Telecommunications, No.3(10),pp. 66- 84, 2006

[19]. T.Clouqueur, V.Phipatanasuphorn, K.K.Saluja, and P.Ramanathan, "Sensor Deployment Strategy for Target Detection," WSNA 2002, USA, pp.42-48, Sep 2002.

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Research Paper

Voltage Stability Analysis of Radial Distribution Systems with Realistic Loads

P. V. Prasad* , B.Usha**

* Associate Professor, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India.

Associate Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, J.N.T.U College of Engineering, Kakinada, A.P, India.

* Assistant Engineer, APTRANSCO Ltd., Hyderabad, India.

P.V.Prasad, S.Sivanagaraju and B.Usha (2009). Voltage Stability Analysis of Radial Distribution Systems with Realistic Loads. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 3(1), Jul-Sep 2009, Print ISSN 0973-8835, E-ISSN 2230-7176, pp. 11-19. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.3.1.996

Abstract

In this paper, attempts have been made to analyze and understand the voltage stability problem in a radial distribution system. Till now only constant power load model has been used to analyze the voltage stability problem of distribution system. However, in a distribution system the power demand for almost all the loads, which are connected, such as television, refrigerators etc. are voltage dependent in nature. Hence, for analyzing the voltage stability problem in a radial distribution system, it is more proper to take into account the voltage dependent characteristics of the loads instead of the constant power characteristics of the loads.

References

[1]. Ajjarapu.V, Lee.B, “Bibliography on voltage stability.” IEEE Trans Power Syst.,13(1), 1998, pp.115-125.

[2]. Jasmon.G.B, Lee.L.H.C.C, “Maximizing voltage stability in distribution networks via loss minimization”, International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 13(3), 1991, pp.148-152.

[3]. Gubina.F, Strmcnik.B, “ Asimple approach to voltage stability assessment in radial networks”, IEEE Trans. Power Systems, 12(3), 1997, pp.1121-1128.

[4]. Lachs.R and Sutano.D, “ Different types of voltage instability”, IEEE Trans. Power Systems, 7(2),1994, pp.1126- 1134.

[5]. Sterling.M.J.H, Chebbo.A.M, and Irving.M.R, “Voltage collapse proximity indicator: Behavoir and implications”, IEEE Proceedings-C, 139(3), 1992, pp.241-252.

[6]. S.Sivanagaraju and V.Sankar, “Distribution Automation” DhanpatRai & Sons.

[7]. Baran M.E. and Wu. F. F, “Optimal Capacitor Placement on Radial Distribution System”, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, 4(1) 1989,pp. 725-734.

[8]. Tavora C.J and Smith O.J.M, “Equilibrium Analysis of Power System”, IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and System, 91, 1972, pp.1131-1137.

[9].Goswami S.K. and Basu S.K., “Direct Solution of Distribution Systems”, IEEE Proceedings Part-C,138(1) 1991,pp.78-88.

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Research Paper

Fuzzy Logic Controller for Improvement of Dynamic Performance of Induction Motor Drives

K. Vaisakh* , K. Naga Sujatha**

* Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, AU College of Engineering, Andhra University, India.

**Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, AU College of Engineering, Andhra University, India.

K. Naga Sujatha and K. Vaisakh (2009). Fuzzy Logic Controller for Improvement of Dynamic Performance of Induction Motor Drives. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 3(1), Jul-Sep 2009, Print ISSN 0973-8835, E-ISSN 2230-7176, pp. 20-26. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.3.1.997

Abstract

This paper presents a speed control scheme using a new and simple structure of fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for a closed-loop, variable speed induction motor (IM) drive. The drive makes use of thyristor on the secondary side as phase-controlled ac switches operating at slip frequency. Such phase-controlled thyristor allows the torque of the machine to be varied from zero to values bounded by the normal torque/speed characteristic of the basic motor. The various functional blocks of the system which govern the system behavior for small variations about the operating pointing point are derived, and the transient responses are presented. The proposed FLC is developed to have less computational burden, which improves the dynamic behavior of the induction motor drive.

References

[1]. R.P. Basu, "Variable speed induction motor using thyristors in the secondary circuit", IEEE Trans. PAS-Vol. 90, pp. 509-514, March/ April 1971.

[2]. M. Ramamoorthy and M. Arunachalam, "A solid -state controller for slip ring induction motors", presented at the IEEE Ind. Appl. Soc. Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California , Oct. 2-6, 1977.

[3]. M. Ramamoorthy and M. Arunachalam, "Dynamic Performance of a Closed Loop Induction Motor Speed Control System with Phase-Controlled SCR's in the Rotor", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. IA-15, No. 5, Sept./Oct. 1979, pp. 489-493.

[4]. Y. Hsu and W. Chan, "Optimal Variable-structure controller for DC motor speed control", IEEE Proc., Vol. 131, Pt. D,pp. 233-237,1984.

[5]. B. S. Zhang, and J .M. Edmunds, "On fuzzy logic controllers," IEEE International Conference on Control, pp.961-965, Edinburg, U. K., 1991.

[6]. H.Ying, W.Siler, and J.J.Buckley, “Fuzzy Control Theory: A nonlinear case,” Automatica, Vol.26,No.3, pp. 513-520, 1990.

[7]. D.Dirankov, H.Hellendorn, and M.Reinfrank, An introduction to fuzzy control. New York : Springer –Verlag,1993.

[8]. M.Maeda and S.Murakami, A self-tuning fuzzy controller,” Fuzzy sets Syst., Vol.51, pp. 29-40,1992

[9]. T.J.Procyk and E.H.Mamdani, “ A linguistic selforganizing process controller,” Automatica, Vol. 15, No. 1,pp. 53-65, 1979.

[10.] Rainer Storn, Kenneth Price, “Differential evolution – A simple and efficient adaptive scheme for global optimization over continuous spaces” TR-95-012, March 1995.

[11]. Dervis Karaboga, Selcuk Okdem, “A Simple and Global Optimization Algorithm For Engineering Problems: Differential Evolution Algorithm”, Turk J Elec. Engin., Vol. 12, No. 1, 2004, pp. 53-60.

[12]. D. Borojevic, L. Garces and F. Lee, "Performance comparison of variable structure controls with PI control for DC motor speed regulator", IEEE Ind. Applicat. Conference, pp. 395-405, 1984.

[13]. Zhao Jin, Bose, B.K., “Evaluation of membership functions for fuzzy logic controlled induction motor drive”, th IECON 02 [Industrial Electronics Society, IEEE-2002 28 Annual Conference , 1 , pp.229 –234, (2002).

[14]. Ahmed S.A. Farag, "State-Space Approach t o the Analysis of DC Machines Controlled by SCRs", Presented at the Control of Power Systems Conference IEEE/COPS, March 10-12, 1976, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, IEEE Proceeding Publication- on No.76CH 1057-5R, REG. 5, pp.157-163

[15]. Mohan N., Electric Drives: An Integrative Approach, MNPERE, Minnesota (2003).

[16]. Mohan N., Advanced Electric Drives: Analysis, Control and Modeling using Simulink®, MNPERE, Minnesota (200

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Research Paper

Modeling and Simulation of Single Phase Double Capacitors Induction Motor

Sameer Khader*

Vice President, Palestine Polytechnic University, Palestine.

Sameer H. Khader (2009). Modeling and Simulation of Single Phase Double Capacitors Induction Motor. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 3(1), Jul-Sep 2009, Print ISSN 0973-8835, E-ISSN 2230-7176, pp. 27-33. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.3.1.998

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to study the performances of Single-phase Induction motor at varying Pulse Width Modulation signals (PWM) and adjustable switching capacitance. The control system is implemented in such a way that it allowed the change in motor speed and loading level.

The attractiveness of this configuration is the elimination of pulse generating unit, and the centrifugal switch. The pulses are generated based on the back e.m.f , and the duty period of the electronic switches is controlled in such a way with purpose to obtain optimized capacitor values that, in turn leads to maximum torque and efficiency. The electromagnetic processes are modeled and the simulation results are presented and analyzed in order to obtain optimized solution combining maximum torque with low capacitors values.

Matlab /simulink approach is implemented in processing the behaviors of Single Phase Induction Motor, where the most of the machine parameters are accessible for control verification purposes. Prototype model for result verification should be described in future work.

References

[1]. Sedat Sunter, Mehmet Ozdimer, Bilal Gumus, “Modeling and Simulation of A Single Phase Induction Motor with Adjustable Switched Capacitor", 9 International Conference on Power electronics and Motion Control- EPE-PEMC, 2000, Poland.

[2]. B. Ozpineci, L. Tolbert, " Simulink Implementation of Induction Machine Model- A Modular Approach, IASIEEE, 2003, Vol.1, pp.728-734.

[3]. Bimal K. Bose, Modern Power Electronics and AC drives, Prentice Hall 2002.

[4]. Muljaldi, E., Zhao, Y., Liu,T.H., lipo, T.A.," Adjustable AC Capacitor For a Single induction Motor", Proceeding IEEE Conf. IA, Dearborn, Michigan, 1991, pp.185-190.

[5]. Ozdemir, M., Sunter, S., Gumus, B.," The Transient and Steady state performance of Single-Phase Induction Motor with Two Capacitors Fed by Matrix converter." International Journal of Computation & Mathematics in Electrical Engineering, Vol.17, Issue 2, 1998, pp.296-301.

[6]. Zadeh, Vaez, S., Harooni, Reicy, Sh.," Decoupling Vector of Single-Phase Induction Motor drives", IEEE Trans on IA, Vol.14, pp.733-738, 2005.

[7]. Chomat M., Lipo T.A., " Adjustable –Speed Single- Phase IM Drive with reduced number of Switches," IEEE Trans. on IA, Vol.29, No.3, pp. 819-825, 1993.

[8]. R. Correa, M.B., Jacobina, C.B., Lima, A.M.," Field oriented Control of a single-Phase Induction Motor drive", Conf. rec. of Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialist Conference, PESC 98, Vol.2, pp.990-996, 1998.

[9]. R. Correa, M.B., Jacobina, C.B., Lima, A.M., da Silva, E.R," A Three-Leg Voltage source Inverter for Two-phase AC Motor Drive System", IEEE Trans. on IA, Vol. 17, No.4, pp.517-523, Jul. 2002.

[10]. Vas. P, Sensorless Vector Control and Direct Torque Control of Induction Machines, Oxford University Press, 1998.

[11]. R. Correa, M.B., Jacobina, , A.M., daSilva, C.B., Lima E.R," Vector Control Strategies for Single Phase Induction Motor Drive Systems, IEEE Trans. on IA, Vol. 51, No.5, pp.1073-1080, Oct. 2004.

[12]. Ozpineci B. And Tolber t L.M., Simulink Implementation of Induction machine Model, a Modular Approach, IEEE, 2003, pp.728-734.

[13]. Novotony, D.W., Lipo, T.A., “Vector Control and Dynamics of AC drives", Oxford Science Publications, 2003.

[14]. Riaz, "Simulation Package for Studying the performances of Induction Motors”, 2006.

[15]. Matlab (7.01) and Simulink (6.5) Tutorial, 2004.

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Research Paper

The Study of Dynamic Performance of Wind Farms with the Application of a STATCOM and Its Effect

R. Anita* , M. Mohammadha Hussaini**

* Selection Grade Lecturer, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Institute of Road and Transport Technology, Erode.

** Professor & Head, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Institute of Road and Transport Technology, Erode.

R. Anita and M. Mohammadha Hussaini (2009). The Study of Dynamic Performance of Wind Farms with the Application of a STATCOM and its Effect. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 3(1), Jul-Sep 2009, Print ISSN 0973-8835, E-ISSN 2230-7176, pp. 34-39. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.3.1.999

Abstract

When integrated to the power system, large wind farms pose stability and control issues. A thorough study is needed to identify the potential problems and to develop measures to mitigate them. Although integration of high levels of wind power into an existing transmission system does not require a major redesign, it necessitates additional control and compensating equipments to enable recovery from severe system disturbances.

This paper insights into the use of a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) along with wind farms for the purpose of stabilizing the grid voltage after grid-side disturbances such as a three phase short circuit fault, temporary trip of a wind turbine and sudden load changes. The strategy focuses on a fundamental grid operational requirement to maintain proper voltages at the point of common coupling by regulating voltage. The DC voltage at individual wind turbine (WT) inverters is also stabilized to facilitate continuous operation of wind turbines during disturbances.

References

[1].http://www.awea.org/newsroom/releases/Wind_Power _Capacity_012307.html, Nov. 2007

[2]. Seyoum, D., Rahman, F. and Grantham, C., “Terminal voltage control of a wind turbine driven isolated induction generator using stator orientated field control”, IEEE APEC Conf. Rec., Miami Beach, Vol. 2, pp. 846-852, 2003.

[3] M. Molinas, S. Vazquez, T. Takaku, J.M. Carrasco, R. Shimada, T. Undeland, “Improvement of transient stability margin in power systems with integrated wind generation using a STATCOM: An experimental verification,” International Conference on Future Power Systems, pp.16-18 Nov. 2005

[4] E. Muljadi, C.P. Butterfield, “Wind Farm Power System Model Development,” World Renewable Energy Congress VIII, Colorado, Aug-Sept 2004

[5] S.M. Muyeen, M.A. Mannan, M.H. Ali, R. Takahashi, T. Murata, J. Tamura, “Stabilization of Grid Connected Wind Generator by STATCOM,” IEEE Power Electronics and Drives Systems, Vol. 2, pp.28-01 Nov. 2005

[6] Z. Saad-Saoud, M.L. Lisboa, J.B. Ekanayake, N. Jenkins, G. Strbac, “Application of STATCOMs to wind farms,” IEEE Proceedings – Generation, Transmission, Distribution, Vol. 145, pp.1584-89, Sept 1998

[7] L. Chun, J. Qirong, X. Jianxin, “Investigation of Voltage Regulation Stability of Static Synchronous Compensator in Power System,” IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, Vol. 4, 2642-47, 23-27 Jan. 2000

[8] E. Muljadi, C.P. Butterfield, A.Ellis, J.Mechenbier, J. Hochheimer, R. Young, N. Miller, R. Delmerico, R. Zavadil, J.C. Smith, “Equivalencing the Collector System of a Large Wind Power Plant,” IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, pp.18-22 June 2006

[9] J.G. Slootweg, W.L. Kling, “Modeling of Large Wind Farms in Power System Simulations,” IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, Vol. 1, pp.503- 508, 2002.

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Research Paper

Power Control Strategy for Grid Connected variable speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator.

Vinatha U* , K.P. Vittal**

* Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, NITK, Surathkal, India.

** Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, NITK, Surathkal, India.

U. Vinatha and K.P. Vittal (2009). Power Control Strategy For Grid Connected Variable Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 3(1), Jul-Sep 2009, Print ISSN 0973-8835, E-ISSN 2230-7176, pp. 40-49. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.3.1.1000

Abstract

This paper describes the operation and control of a variable speed Well’s turbine driven permanent magnet synchronous generator connected to the grid. The generator is interfaced to the grid by means of fully controlled frequency converter which consist of a PWM rectifier, an intermediate dc circuit and a PWM inverter through a LCL filter. Power flow into the grid can be controlled regulating the grid current. Control is achieved in two stages namely by regulating the dc link voltage and then regulating the grid current entering the distribution network. This is realized by coordinated control of generator side converter and the grid side converter. Although current and voltage control schemes are possible, current control principle is used for its excellent dynamic characteristics. The performance of the control schemes are evaluated based on their steady state and dynamic response characteristics, harmonic distortion of the output currents and the quality of power injected to the grid. Response of the system under steady state and dynamic conditions are studied. Also the behavior with varying input conditions and with grid voltage distortions are analyzed. Various fault conditions are also investigated. In each case the grid current distortion and the dynamic performance of the converter control schemes are evaluated.

References

[1]. Les Duckers (2000) 'Wave Power’, Engineering Science and Educational Journal pp.113-122.

[2]. A T Jones and W Rowley (2002) 'Recent developments and forecasts for renewable ocean energy systems' MTS Journal, Vol 28, No 9, pp. 575-578.

[3]. S.S Yagna Narayanan, Bhagwan K Murthy, G Sridhara Rao (1999) 'Dynamic Analysis of a grid connected induction generator driven by a Wave-Energy Turbine through Hunting Networks' IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol 14, No1, pp. 115-121.

[4]. V Jayashankar , B Karthikeyan and K Manivannan (2000)'Maximizing power output from a wave energy plant', Proceedings of Electric Machines and Drives, IEEE international Conference, pp.1796-1801.

[5]. S Muthukumar, Sandeep kakumanu, S Sriram, V Jayashnkar (2005) 'Energy storage considerations for a stand-alone wave energy plant', Proceedings of Electric Machines and Drives, IEEE International Conference 15- 18, pp.193-198.

[6]. Henk Poliander and Mattia Scutto (2005) 'Wave Energy Converters and their Impact on Power Systems', International Conference on Future Power Systems 2005,16-18, pp. 1-9.

[7]. Monica Chinchilla, Santiago Arnaltes and Juan Carlos Burgos (2006)' Control of Permanent magnet generators applied to variable speed wind energy systems connected to grid', IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol 21, No 1, pp.130-135.

[8]. R.Krishnan (2007) 'Electric motor drives Modeling, analysis and control', Prentice hall of India private limited

[9]. Dong-Choon Lee, G Myoung Lee and Ki Do Lee (2000) DC bus voltage control of three phase ac/dc PWM converters using feed back linearization', IEEE Transactions on industry applications, Vol 36, No3, pp. 826-833,.

[10]. Bon Gwan Gu, Kwanghee Nam (2006)’ A DC link capacitor minimization method through direct capacitor current control', IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol 42, No 2, pp. 573-581.

[11]. Juan Manuel Carrasco, Leopoldo Garcia Franquelo, Jan T Bialasiewicz, Eduardo Galvan, ma Angeles martin (2006) 'Power electronic systems for the grid integration of renewable energy sources: a survey', IEEE Transactions on industrial electronics, Vol 53, No4, pp. 1002-1016.

[12]. Erika Twinning, Donald Grahame Holmes (2003) 'Grid current regulation of a three phase voltage source inverter with an LCL input filter', IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol 18, No 3 pp.888-895.

13]. Mustapha Raoufi, Moulay Tahar Lamchich (2004) 'Average current mode control of a voltage source inverter connected to grid : application to different filter cells', Journal of Electrical Engineering, Vol 55, No 3-4, pp. 77-82.

[14]. Milan Prodanovic, Timothy C Green (2003) 'Control and filter design of three phase inverters for high power quality grid connection', IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol 18, No 1, pp. 373-380.

[15]. Leonardo Augusto Sepra, Srinivas Ponnaluri, Peter Mantovanelli Barbosa and johann Walter Kolar (2007) 'A modified direct power control strategy allowing the connection of three phase inverters to the grid through LCL filters', IEEE Transactions on Industry Electronics, Vol 43, No 5 pp.1388-1400.

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Research Paper

A Technological Forecast for Growth in Solid-State Commercial Lighting using LED Devices

Tom Page*

Loughborough University, UK

Tom Page (2009). A Technological Forecast for Growth in Solid-State Commercial Lighting using Led Devices. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 3(1), Jul-Sep 2009, Print ISSN 0973-8835, E-ISSN 2230-7176, pp. 50-65. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.3.1.1001

Abstract

The commercial lighting market is developing to find new and improved light sources. The aim of this paper is to investigate LED technology to identify the limitations they have that have prevented their widespread use throughout the commercial lighting market. LEDs offer benefits, including energy saving, longer life times, and new lighting applications through organic LEDs (OLEDs).

Through interviewing technical experts it was ascertained that there are a number of limitations that prevent LEDs from being used in more lighting applications. These include luminous efficacy/output (the amount of light emitted for every watt of energy used) and cost. It is the belief across much of the lighting industry that when these issues have been resolved, and LED technology can supply more light per watt of energy than other established forms of lighting, they will be used on a much larger scale in areas such as general lighting.

References

[1]. Arik, M., Petroski, J., and Weaver, S. (2002) Thermal challenges in the future generation solid state lighting applications: Light emitting diodes. In: 2002 inter society conference on thermal phenomena. New York, 2002, General Electric Company, 113-120.

[2]. Boyce, P. R. (2003) Human factors in lighting. London: Taylor & Francis. Contract Lighting. 2006. Industry News. [Online] Contract Lighting. Available at: http://www. contractlighting.net/magazine/pdf/42-50ind% 20news. pdf [accessed 28 January, 2009].

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[5]. Karpuik, J. and Pietraszkiewicz, M. (2006) The next revolution in lighting technology. [Online] OLLA Project. Available at: http://www.hitech- projects.com/euprojects /olla/publications/articles/karpuik.pdf [accessed 28 January, 2009].

[6]. LEDs Magazine. (2008a). BASF and Osram demonstrate 60lm/W OLED. [Online] Available at: http://www.ledsmagazine.com/news/5/11/27 [accessed 28 January, 2009].

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[20]. Philips (2008) Philips Lighting. [Online] Available at: http://www.lighting.philips.com [accessed 28 January, 2009].

[21]. Philips (2007) Philips solid-state lighting solutions installed in belfast's largest regeneration project, Victoria Square. [Online] Philips. Available at: http://www. lighting.philips.com/in_en/project/led/victoria_square.php?main=gb _en&parent=&id=in_en_project&lang=en [accessed 28 January, 2009].

[22]. Robson, C. (1996) Real World Research. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.

[23]. Schubert, E F. 2003. Light-Emitting Diodes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[24]. Steigerwald, D. A. ( 2002) Illumination with solid state lighting technology. Journal on selected topics in quantum electronics 8, no. 2: pp 310-320.`

[25]. Steranka, F. M., (2002) High power LEDs - technology status and market applications. In Physica Status Solidi,. San Jose, CA: Wiley VCH, pp 380-388

[26]. Walliman, N. (2005) Your Research Project. 2nd. London: SAGE Publications

[27] Zukauskas, A., Shur M. S., and Gaska, R. (2002) Introduction to solid-state lighting. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

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Research Paper

Localization of Faults in a Single Fed Transmission Line Using Gabor Wavelet

B. Ravindhranath Reddy* , M. Vijaya Kumar, Y. Venkata Raju*

, Research Associates, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, JNTU College of Engineering, JNT University, Hyderabad.

Registrar, J.N.T.U., Anantapur.

B. Ravindhranath Reddy, M. Vijaya Kumar and Y. Venkata Raju (2009). Localization of faults in a Single Fed Transmission Line using Gabor Wavelet. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 3(1), Jul-Sep 2009, Print ISSN 0973-8835, E-ISSN 2230-7176, pp. 66-70. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.3.1.1002

Abstract

Transmission line fault identification requires fast and accurate analysis. The tripping action depends mainly on the voltage and current waveforms during the fault. Wavelet analysis, which is a mathematical tool for signal analysis is used to detect the type of fault occurring on the transmission line. A single area network with 500kv and 200 kms transmission line is simulated by using matlab and the simulated results are used to determine fault distance at different locations. To identify the fault, Gabor Wavelet is used. The discrete Gabor algorithm is implemented by using ‘C’ program.

References

[1]. A.H.Osman and O.P.Malik,” Transmission line protection based on wavelet transform”,IEEE Trans. Power Delivery,Vol.19,No.2,pp.515-523,April 2004.

[2]. Sukumar M.Brahma “Fault location on a transmission line using Synchronized voltage measurements”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,Vol.19,No.4,pp.1619- 1622,2004

[3]. Feng Liang and B.JeyaSurya,”Transmission line protection using wavelet transform based algorithm”, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol.19, No.2, pp.545-553, April 2004.

[4]. Ching-shan Chen, Ying-Hong Lin, Chih-Wen Lin “A new PMU based fault detection/location technique for transmission lines with consideration of arcing fault discrimination-Part I&&II”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.19, No.4, pp.1587-1601, 2004.

[5]. C.K.Wang “A novel Algorithm for phasor calculation based on wavelet analysis”, Proceedings PES Summer meeting, pp.1500-1503, 2001.

[6]. Joe-Air Jiang, Chih-Wen Liu “An adaptive PMU based fault detection/location technique for transmission lines”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.15, No.2, pp.486- 493, 2000.

[7]. XL.Pham and K.P.Wong,” Wavelet Transform based algorithm for harmonic analysis of power system waveforms”, IEEE Proceedings, pp.249-254, 1999.

[8]. Xia Yibin, W.W.L.Keerhipala “A new technique using wavelet analysis for fault detection”,Developments in Power System Protection, pp.231-234,1997

[9]. Robi Polikar, ”The wavelet Tutorial part-2 for Fourier Transform & Short term Fourier Transform and part-3 for continuous Wavelet transform”, Ames, Iowa, 2 Edition,1996

[10]. Amara Graps “An introduction to Wavelets”, IEEE Computational Science and Engineering, Vol.2, No.2, pp.55-61, 1995.

[11]. I.Daubechies,”Ten Lectures on Wavelets”, SIAM Philadelphia, 2 Edition, 1992.

[12]. A.Wiesniewski “Accurate fault impedance locating algorithm”,Proceeding Inst. Electrical Engg, Vol.130 No.6,pp.311- 314,1983

[13]. K.M.Silva, K.M.C.Dantas, B.A.Souza, N.S.D.Brito, F.B.Costa and J.A.C.B.Silva, “Haar Wavelet- based method for fast Fault classification in Transmission lines”. Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition: TDC '06, IEEE/PES. Latin America, 2006.

[14]. V M Reddy, S S Rao and F J Mercede, “On the use of Wavelets for the Detection and Analysis of Power system Transients” Power Engineering Society 1999 Winter Meeting, IEEE.

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Research Paper

Diagnosis of Winding Faults in Power Transformer Using Wavelet Technique

P. Sridhar* , V. Naga Smitha, A. Bhoomaiah, B.P. Singh, P.V. Kanaka Rao

* Associate Professor, Assistant Professor, Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Dundigal, Hyderabad.

* Deputy Manager, BHEL, Corporate R & D, Hyderabad.

Principal, St. Martin's Engineering College, Hyderabad.

* Senior Assistant Professor, VNR & Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad.

P. Sridhar, V. Naga Smitha, A.Bhoomaiah, B.P. Singh and P.V. Kanaka Rao (2009). Diagnosis of Winding Faults in Power Transformer using Wavelet Technique. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 3(1), Jul-Sep 2009, Print ISSN 0973-8835, E-ISSN 2230-7176, pp. 71-76. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.3.1.1003

Abstract

Winding insulation is an important constituent of a transformer. Any weakness of insulation may result in winding deformation and hence, in the failure of the transformer. Insulation failure arises due to over voltages, notches, glitches, etc. Comparison of recorded neutral currents is a standard technique used for the detection of fault in the power transformer winding insulation during impulse test. Any shift in the recorded waveforms between reduced and full voltage confirms the existence of fault. In the present work, the recorded neutral current waveforms obtained from a 61MVA, 11.5/230 kV generator transformer have been considered for analysis. Faults have been created in the discs of the High Voltage windings at specific locations. An impulse voltage of 100V is applied to the high voltage winding and the neutral currents for the healthy case and the faulted discs windings have been recorded using digital oscilloscope. These recorded neutral current waveforms are analyzed using wavelets for fault identification. The component of the noise which is inherent in the signal during recording was isolated using Daubechies7 wavelet and these denoised signals were analyzed further using Daubechies7 wavelet to identify the fault in the winding.

References

( 1 ) . Pradeep M.Nirgude, B. Gunasekaran, Chennakesava, A. D. Rajkumar, B. P. Singh, “Turn Fault Characteristics of Transformer using Transfer Function Method”, XIII International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Netherlands 2003.

(2). L. Satish, “Short Time Fourier and Wavelet Transform for Fault Detection in Power Transformer during Impulse Test”, IEEE Proc. Vol. 145, March 1998.

(3). Bhoomaiah, P. Krishna Reddy, K. S. Linga Murthy, P. Appala Naidu, B. P. Singh, “Measurement of Neutral currents in a Power Transformer and Fault Detection using Wavelet Techniques”, International Conference of CEIDP Boulder, Colorado, USA, October 17-20, 2004.

(4). M.R.Rao, B.P.Singh, “Detection and Localization of Inter-turn Fault in the HV Winding of a Power Transformer using Wavelets”, Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions, Volume 8, Issue 4, Aug 2001 Page(s): 652 – 657.

(5). P. V. Kanaka Rao, P. Appala Naidu, A. Bhoomaiah, “Neutral Current Wave Shape Analysis using Wavelet for Diagnosis of the Transformer Winding”, EIC 2009, May 1, 2009, Montreal, Canada.

(6). P. V. Kanaka Rao, “Neutral Current Analysis for Fault Determination in the Winding of a Transformer” IEEMA, May 2008.

(7). L. R. Stuffle and R. E. Stuffle, “A Computerized Diagnostic Technique Applicable to HV Impulse Testing of Transformers”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.5, No.2, 1990, pp1007-1012.

(8). V. Jaya Sekhar, K. Lokesh Babu, K. N. Prashant Kumar, “Time Frequency Analysis of Transient Signals”, Fifth International Conference on Transformers, Trafotech 1998.

(9). I. Daubechies, “Ten Lectures on Wavelet”, 2 Edition, SIAM, Philadelphia, 1992.

(10). P. V. Kanaka Rao, B Jaya Krishna, A. Bhoomaiah, B. P. Singh, M Chandra Shekar, P. Appala Naidu, “Diagnosis of the Neutral Current Using Wavalet for Diagnosis of the Transformer”, International Conference of EIC, Nashvelli, Tennesse, USA, October 22-24, 2005.

i-manager's Journal on Electrical Engineering (JEE)

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Volume 3 Issue 1 July - September 2009

S. Anandamurugan* **

* Senior Lecturer, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode. ** Principal, Surya Engineering College, Erode.

S. Anandamurugan and C. Venkatesh (2009). Management of Power for Target Tracking Sensor Networks by using Low Latency Sleep Schedule. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 3(1), Jul-Sep 2009, Print ISSN 0973-8835, E-ISSN 2230-7176, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.3.1.995

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P. V. Prasad* , B.Usha**

* Associate Professor, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India. ** Associate Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, J.N.T.U College of Engineering, Kakinada, A.P, India. *** Assistant Engineer, APTRANSCO Ltd., Hyderabad, India.

P.V.Prasad, S.Sivanagaraju and B.Usha (2009). Voltage Stability Analysis of Radial Distribution Systems with Realistic Loads. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 3(1), Jul-Sep 2009, Print ISSN 0973-8835, E-ISSN 2230-7176, pp. 11-19. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.3.1.996

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K. Vaisakh* , K. Naga Sujatha**

* Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, AU College of Engineering, Andhra University, India. **Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, AU College of Engineering, Andhra University, India.

K. Naga Sujatha and K. Vaisakh (2009). Fuzzy Logic Controller for Improvement of Dynamic Performance of Induction Motor Drives. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 3(1), Jul-Sep 2009, Print ISSN 0973-8835, E-ISSN 2230-7176, pp. 20-26. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.3.1.997

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Sameer Khader*

Vice President, Palestine Polytechnic University, Palestine.

Sameer H. Khader (2009). Modeling and Simulation of Single Phase Double Capacitors Induction Motor. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 3(1), Jul-Sep 2009, Print ISSN 0973-8835, E-ISSN 2230-7176, pp. 27-33. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.3.1.998

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R. Anita* , M. Mohammadha Hussaini**

* Selection Grade Lecturer, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Institute of Road and Transport Technology, Erode. ** Professor & Head, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Institute of Road and Transport Technology, Erode.

R. Anita and M. Mohammadha Hussaini (2009). The Study of Dynamic Performance of Wind Farms with the Application of a STATCOM and its Effect. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 3(1), Jul-Sep 2009, Print ISSN 0973-8835, E-ISSN 2230-7176, pp. 34-39. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.3.1.999

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Vinatha U* , K.P. Vittal**

* Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, NITK, Surathkal, India. ** Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, NITK, Surathkal, India.

U. Vinatha and K.P. Vittal (2009). Power Control Strategy For Grid Connected Variable Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 3(1), Jul-Sep 2009, Print ISSN 0973-8835, E-ISSN 2230-7176, pp. 40-49. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.3.1.1000

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Tom Page*

Loughborough University, UK

Tom Page (2009). A Technological Forecast for Growth in Solid-State Commercial Lighting using Led Devices. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 3(1), Jul-Sep 2009, Print ISSN 0973-8835, E-ISSN 2230-7176, pp. 50-65. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.3.1.1001

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B. Ravindhranath Reddy* , M. Vijaya Kumar**, Y. Venkata Raju***

*,*** Research Associates, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, JNTU College of Engineering, JNT University, Hyderabad. ** Registrar, J.N.T.U., Anantapur.

Abstract

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P. Sridhar* , V. Naga Smitha**, A. Bhoomaiah***, B.P. Singh****, P.V. Kanaka Rao*****

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* Senior Lecturer, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode.

** Principal, Surya Engineering College, Erode.

* Associate Professor, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India.

Associate Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, J.N.T.U College of Engineering, Kakinada, A.P, India.

* Assistant Engineer, APTRANSCO Ltd., Hyderabad, India.

* Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, AU College of Engineering, Andhra University, India.

**Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, AU College of Engineering, Andhra University, India.

* Selection Grade Lecturer, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Institute of Road and Transport Technology, Erode.

** Professor & Head, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Institute of Road and Transport Technology, Erode.

* Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, NITK, Surathkal, India.

** Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, NITK, Surathkal, India.

B. Ravindhranath Reddy* , M. Vijaya Kumar, Y. Venkata Raju*

, Research Associates, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, JNTU College of Engineering, JNT University, Hyderabad.

Registrar, J.N.T.U., Anantapur.

P. Sridhar* , V. Naga Smitha, A. Bhoomaiah, B.P. Singh, P.V. Kanaka Rao