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i-manager's Journal on Future Engineering and Technology (JFET)

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Biomaterial Strategies for Immune System Enhancement and Tissue Healing
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A Critical Review on Biodiesel Production, Process Parameters, Properties, Comparison and Challenges
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Volume 17 Issue 4 May - July 2022

Article

Rainwater Harvesting: A Climate Change Mitigation

M. V. S. S. Giridhar* , Shyama Mohan**

*-** Centre for Water Resources, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.

Giridhar, M. V. S. S., and Mohan, S. (2022). Rainwater Harvesting: A Climate Change Mitigation. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering & Technology, 17(4), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.17.4.18993

Abstract

The global and regional systems for managing water resources are thought to be significantly impacted by climate change. Due to the fact that poor nations are most impacted, it has grown to be a significant worldwide problem. Natural disasters like aridity, droughts, floods, cyclones, and severe rainfall are all likely to have an impact on humans. Water scarcity can be brought on by climate change in some countries through persistent droughts. The rising population will result in a greater demand for water. Cities are becoming more vulnerable to water-related problems as a result of increased urbanization, changing rainfall patterns, and industrialization. The supply and demand of water can be balanced through the implementation of sustainable practices. In the event of future climate change, rainwater harvesting systems offer an alternative source of water and specific adaptation strategies for coping with water scarcity. The adoption of rainwater harvesting systems is discussed in this article as a strategy for climate change.

References

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[2]. Tolossa, T. T., Abebe, F. B., & Girma, A. A. (2020). Rainwater harvesting technology practices and implication of climate change characteristics in Eastern Ethiopia. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 6(1), 1724354.

[3]. Sharma, S. K., & Jain, S. K. (1997). Ground water recharge through roof top rain water harvesting in urban habitation. In International Conference on Management of Drinking Water Resources, (pp. 60).

[4]. Dhoble, R., & Bhole, A. (2006, November). Review of rainwater harvesting in India. In National Seminar on Rainwater Harvesting and Water Management, (pp. 11-12).

[5]. Adham, A., Wesseling, J. G., Abed, R., Riksen, M., Ouessar, M., & Ritsema, C. J. (2019). Assessing the impact of climate change on rainwater harvesting in the Oum Zessar watershed in Southeastern Tunisia. Agricultural Water Management, 221, 131-140.

[6]. Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., Midgley, P.M. (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, United Kingdom, New York, (pp. 1535).

[7]. Rosenzweig, C., Casassa, G., Karoly, D. J., Imeson, A., Liu, C., Menzel, A., ... & Parry, M. L. (2007). Assessment of observed changes and responses in natural and managed systems. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 79-131.

[8]. Lutta, A. I., Wasonga, O. V., Nyangito, M. M., Sudan, F. K., & Robinson, L. W. (2020). Adoption of water harvesting technologies among agro-pastoralists in semi-arid rangelands of South Eastern Kenya. Research Square, 1-24.

[9]. Orindi, V., Nyong, A., & Herrero, M. T. (2007). Pastoral livelihood adaptation to drought and institutional interventions in Kenya. UNDP Human Development Report, 1-17.

[10]. Jones, P. G., & Thornton, P. K. (2003). The potential impacts of climate change on maize production in Africa and Latin America in 2055. Global Environmental Change, 13(1), 51-59.

[11]. Giridhar M.V.S.S (2017). An environmentally sound approach for sustainable rainwater harvesting. In Sustainable Holistic Water Resources Management in a Changing Climate, Jain Brothers, New Delhi.

[12]. Giridhar, M. V. S. S. (2017). Rain water harvesting, use and artificial recharge in urban scenario. Seminar on Sustainable Water Management, 14-22.

[13]. Chowdary, K. D., & Giridhar, M. V. S. S. (2015). Spatial distribution of ground water quality after rain water recharge in JNTUH campus. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 4(11), 134-141.

[14]. Rao, R., & Giridhar, M. V. S. S. (2014). Rooftop rainwater harvesting for recharging shallow groundwater. Journal of Geology & Geosciences, 3(6), 1-6.

[15]. Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., … & Chen, Z. (2007). Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (pp. 996).

[16]. Linderhof, V., Cervi, W. R., van Oosten, C., Duku, C., Witte, E., Derkyi, M., ... & Kwadwo, S. A. (2022). Rainwater Harvesting for Irrigation for Climate-Resilient and Circular Food Systems: The Case of Ghana's Bono East Region. Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation, Wageningen.

[17]. Kahinda, J. M., Taigbenu, A. E., & Boroto, R. J. (2010). Domestic rainwater harvesting as an adaptation measure to climate change in South Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 35(13-14), 742-751.

[18]. Sima, I., & Kim, S. (2020). Probabilistic solution to rainwater harvesting system and its impact on climate change. Desalination and Water Treatment, 200, 407-421.

[19]. Kiggundu, N., Wanyama, J., Mfitumukiz, D., Twinomuhangi, R., Barasa, B., Katimbo, A., & Kyazze, F. (2018). Rainwater harvesting knowledge and practice for agricultural production in a changing climate: A review from Uganda's perspective. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 20(2), 19-36.

[20]. Lebel, S. M. A. (2014). Assessing the potential of rainwater harvesting as an adaptation strategy to climate change in Africa (Doctoral dissertation, University of Leeds).

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Research Paper

Impact of Climate Change by 2030 - Indian Perspective

H. R. P. Yadav*

Department of Civil Environmental Engineering at Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University, Haryana, India.

Yadav, H. R. P. (2022). Impact of Climate Change by 2030 - Indian Perspective. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering & Technology, 17(4), 8-15. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.17.4.18992

Abstract

This paper aims to establish the effect of Green House Gases (GHGs) emissions on climate change. Greenhouse gas molecules formed due to anthropogenic activities absorb infrared radiations from the sun, and these molecules re-emit the radiations in all directions, causing temperature rise of the Earth's surface. Due to anthropogenic activities in the country, GHG emissions of GHGs are increasing. The motor vehicles running in the Indian cities with the fossil fuels like gasoline, diesel, etc., are emitting Carbon-di-oxide (CO₂), Hydrocarbon (HCs), Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and water vapor as greenhouse gases in the form of vehicular exhausts. These emissions are responsible for deteriorating ambient air quality of the cities like Delhi, National Capital Region (NCR), Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad, etc. This paper outlines the necessary technologies and practices to mitigate GHG emissions of GHGs. The paper also discusses some of the strategies for reducing emissions of GHGs to minimize the effect of global warming and climate change. The impacts of implementing energy efficiency and conservation measures, the role of renewable energy, and hydrogen blends in the vehicular fuel Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) are also described in this paper. The emission performance of a passenger car suitable for bi-fuel combustion with 18 Hydrogen Compressed Natural Gas (18HCNG) has been compared with neat CNG fuel. The economic analysis with these two vehicular fuels in respect of reducing CO2 and NOx being greenhouse gases, has also been discussed in this paper.

References

[1]. Bureau of Indian Standards. (2004). Anhydrous Ethanol for use in Automotive Fuel Specification (IS15464:2004), New Delhi, India.

[2]. Bysveen, M. (2007). Engine characteristics of emissions and performance using mixtures of natural gas and hydrogen. Energy, 32(4), 482-489.

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[5]. Denisova, V. (2019). Energy efficiency as a way to ecological safety: Evidence from Russia. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9(5), 32-37.

[6]. He, B. Q., Wang, J. X., Hao, J. M., Yan, X. G., & Xiao, J. H. (2003). A study on emission characteristics of an EFI engine with ethanol blended gasoline fuels. Atmospheric Environment, 37(7), 949-957.

[7]. Hsieh, W. D., Chen, R. H., Wu, T. L., & Lin, T. H. (2002). Engine performance and pollutant emission of an SI engine using ethanol–Gasoline blended fuels. Atmospheric Environment, 36(3), 403-410.

[8]. Kavathekar, K. P., Rairikar, S. D., & Thipse, S. S. (2007). Development of a CNG injection engine compliant to Euro-IV norms and development strategy for HCNG operation (No. 2007-26-029). SAE Technical Paper.

[9]. Naha, S., Briones, A. M., & Aggarwal, S. K. (2004). Effect of fuel blends on pollutant emissions in flames. Combustion Sciences and Technology, 177(1), 183-220.

[10]. Park, C., Kim, C., Choi, Y., Won, S., & Moriyoshi, Y. (2011). The influences of hydrogen on the performance and emission characteristics of a heavy duty natural gas engine. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36(5), 3739-3745.

[11]. Pleanjai, S., Paw-Armart, I. T. T. I. P. O. L., Petblengsi, T., & Sakulkhaemaruethai, S. (2014). Effect of ethanolblended gasoline on the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and particulate matter in exhaust gas of motorcycle. International Journal of Environmental and Rural Development, 5(1), 142-147.

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[13]. Singh, P. K., Ramadhas, A. S., Mathai, R., & Sehgal, A. K. (2016). Investigation on combustion, performance and emissions of automotive engine fueled with ethanol blended gasoline. SAE International Journal of fuels and lubricants, 9(1), 215-223.

[14]. Stansfield, P. A., Bisordi, A., OudeNijeweme, D., Williams, J., Gold, M., & Ali, R. (2012). The performance of a modern vehicle on a variety of alcohol-gasoline fuel blends. SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, 5(2), 813-822.

[15]. Truyen, P. H., Tuyen, P. H., & Tuan, P. M. (2015). Influence of E10, E15 and E20 fuels on performance and emissions of in-use gasoline passenger carsof E10, E15 and e20 fuels on performance and emissions of in-use gasoline passenger cars. Asean Engineering Journal, 4(2), 33-40.

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Research Paper

Regional Comparison of CMIP3 and CMIP5 Precipitation Characteristics

K. Shashikanth* , Subimal Ghosh**

* Department of Civil Engineering, University College of Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India.

** Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.

Shashikanth, K., and Ghosh, S. (2022). Regional Comparison of CMIP3 and CMIP5 Precipitation Characteristics. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering & Technology, 17(4), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.17.4.18989

Abstract

The improvements in the regional precipitation characteristics over the land regions of globe from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project-3 (CMIP3) and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project-5 (CMIP5) model group are examined. This research employed 11 General Circulation Model (GCMs) from both generation of models and combined them from both Multi Model Averaging (MMA) and Bayesian Multi Model Averaging (BMA) to ascertain the upgradation in projections for both seasons. BMA method offer better alternative to MMA as higher weights are assigned to better performing models for more skillful regional projections. Our results elucidate the fact that both combinations of models and methods inform spatially similar non-uniform changes in projections of precipitation across these models. The models do not express much progress in mean simulations for both 20^th and 21^st century projections. Thus lower uncertainty for CMIP5 group than CMIP3 is observed. Therefore, the findings highlight that mere comparisons based on mean statistics alone may not be sufficient to understand their progress. However, advanced methods of analysis provide better insights in their model development.

References

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Research Paper

Electricity Load Forecasting in Smart Grid using Web Based Geographic Information Systems (Web GIS)

Dr. Rakesh* , Rakesh Ranjan**

*-** Department of Engineering, Himgiri Zee University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

Kumar, R., and Ranjan, R. (2022). Electricity Load Forecasting in Smart Grid using Web Based Geographic Information Systems (WEB GIS). i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering & Technology, 17(4), 25-30. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.17.4.18971

Abstract

India is a developing nation and due to emerging new infrastructure in various sectors, the demand of electricity is always higher than generation. Smart Grid is an automated system which includes automation of existing electrical infrastructure into modern and controlled system with the help of IT control, Internet of Things (IoT) systems that enables real-time monitoring and control of bi-directional power flows and information flows from generation to consumption. Electricity demand is a major issue in India and with the help of these technologies the demand of electricity can be managed in reliable and economic mode. Consumers can monitor real-time energy consumption of their energy use, and this can be reflected in supply, demand and generation of energy. State utilities send their billing data to Electricity Regulatory Commission every year where billing data analysis is carried and new tariff of electricity is decided by the Regulatory Commission to all Consumers of Electricity in the State. Web based Geographical Information System (GIS) can help by mapping all electrical infrastructures on a digital map including their complete details and all consumers can be mapped. Web based GIS can help to state utilities as a tool for plan and manage their all assets by logging into the system from anywhere. Web based GIS can help to manage area wise Load Scheduling by integrating Road, Buildings, Lands, Transmission Stations, Transmission Lines, Generation Stations and consumer's detail. This system can help for Load Forecasting, Decision Making and Electricity Demand Management for State Utilities, Regulatory Body and Policy Makers towards making effective approach in Energy Conservation and Efficiency.

References

[1]. Alesheikh, A. A., Helali, H., & Behroz, H. A. (2002, July). Web GIS: Technologies and its applications. In Symposium on Geospatial Theory, Processing and Applications (Vol. 15). Ottawa, ON, Canada: ISPRS.

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Review Paper

Comprehensive Study on Additive Manufacturing Process Methods, Cost Comparision, Challenges and Industrial Applications

Santosh Kumar* , Meghul Kumar Kushawaha, Rakesh Kumar*

- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh Group of Colleges Landran, Mohali, Punjab, India.

Department of Regulatory Affair, Auxein Medical Private Limited Sonipat Haryana, India.

Kumar, S., Kushawaha, M. K., and Kumar, R. (2022). Comprehensive Study on Additive Manufacturing Process Methods, Cost Comparision, Challenges and Industrial Applications. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering & Technology, 17(4), 31-44. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.17.4.18909

Abstract

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is an emerging technology, used to fabricate components in layer by layer fashions. It has several key merits such as part customization, ability to produce complicated shapes etc. that are not possible by traditional machining methods (Lathes, Shapers, Planner, Slotter, Milling etc.). The timeline of the scientific and technological developments survey reported that owing to the attractive properties and growing demand it will be used to fabricate full body origin in 2032. This paper aims to provide an overview of additive manufacturing methods, materials, merits and demerits, cost comparision, future scope, challenges and distinct industrial applications, so that this study helps upcoming researchers working in the field of additive manufacturing.

References

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i-manager's Journal on Future Engineering and Technology (JFET)

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Volume 17 Issue 4 May - July 2022

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Impact of Climate Change by 2030 - Indian Perspective

H. R. P. Yadav*

Department of Civil Environmental Engineering at Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University, Haryana, India.

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Regional Comparison of CMIP3 and CMIP5 Precipitation Characteristics

K. Shashikanth* , Subimal Ghosh**

* Department of Civil Engineering, University College of Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India. ** Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.

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Electricity Load Forecasting in Smart Grid using Web Based Geographic Information Systems (Web GIS)

Dr. Rakesh* , Rakesh Ranjan**

*-** Department of Engineering, Himgiri Zee University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

Kumar, R., and Ranjan, R. (2022). Electricity Load Forecasting in Smart Grid using Web Based Geographic Information Systems (WEB GIS). i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering & Technology, 17(4), 25-30. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.17.4.18971

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Comprehensive Study on Additive Manufacturing Process Methods, Cost Comparision, Challenges and Industrial Applications

Santosh Kumar* , Meghul Kumar Kushawaha**, Rakesh Kumar***

*-** Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh Group of Colleges Landran, Mohali, Punjab, India. *** Department of Regulatory Affair, Auxein Medical Private Limited Sonipat Haryana, India.

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* Department of Civil Engineering, University College of Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India.

** Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.

Santosh Kumar* , Meghul Kumar Kushawaha, Rakesh Kumar*

- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh Group of Colleges Landran, Mohali, Punjab, India.

Department of Regulatory Affair, Auxein Medical Private Limited Sonipat Haryana, India.