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i-manager's Journal on Wireless Communication Networks (JWCN)

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5G Wireless Communication Systems: Performance Analysis and Optimization using Massive MIMO Technology
Performance Optimization of 5G NR Technology for Industrial Automation
A Comparative Analysis of SDON and Traditional Optical Networks in Elastic Optical Environments
A Review of Techniques for Minimizing Energy Consumption and Enhancing Lifespan in Wireless Sensor Networks
NodeMCU and Wireless Sensor Networks in Agriculture: A Review of Environmental Parameter Sensing

Most Cited

Volume 4 Issue 2 July - September 2015

Article

A Survey on Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Split Ring Resonators for Wireless Applications

Sanjai Kumar Singh* , R.K. Prasad**

* PG Student, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, MMMUT Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

** Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, MMMUT Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Singh, S.K., and Prasad, R.K. (2015). A Survey on Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Split Ring Resonators for Wireless Applications. i-manager's Journal on Wireless Communication Networks, 4(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.26634/jwcn.4.2.3582

Abstract

This paper provides details on how to enhance antenna performance and size reduction using Split Ring Resonator (SRR). The size and weight of various wireless electronic systems have been rapidly reduced due to the development of modern integrated circuit technology. Microstrip Patch Antennas (MPA) are increasing in popularity for the use in wireless applications due to their low-profile structure, light weight, low cost of production and they can also be easily integrated with microwave integrated circuits, but it also has some disadvantages. Lower gain and narrow bandwidth are the major drawbacks of a patch antenna. In this paper, the authors present a metamaterial concept for enhancing Microstrip Patch Antenna’s performance. Metamaterials are artificial materials characterized by same parameters generally not found in nature, but are engineered. Metamaterial structure consists of Split Ring Resonators (SRRs) to produce negative permeability and negative permittivity.

References

[1]. Caloz C. and Itoh T., (2005). Electromagnetic Metamaterials Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons,Inc., ISBN 978-0- 471-66985-2.

[2]. R.Grag. P. Bhartia, I. Bahl, and A. Ittipiboon, (2000). Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook, Artech. ISBN: 978- 0890065136.

[3]. K. F. Lee, (1997). Advances in microstrip and printed Antenna, John Wiley.

[4]. D. M Pozar and D.H Schaubert, (1995). Microstrip Antenna: The Analysis and Design of Microstrip Antenna and Arrays, IEEE Press.

[5]. John R. Ojha Marc Peters and Igor Mini, (2010). Patch Antennas and Microstrip Lines, microwave and millimeter wave technologies modern UWB antennas and equipment. ISBN: 978-953-7619-67-1.

[6]. Kin-Lu Wong, (2002). Compact and Broadband Microstrip Antennas, John Wiley and Sons, 15BNss: 0-471- 41717-3. pp. 12-13.

[7]. Garima, D. Bhatangar, J.S. Saini, V.K. Sexena and L.M. Joshi, (2011). “Design of broadband circular patch microstrip antenna with Diamond shape slot”, Indian Journal of Radio and Space Physics, Vol. 40, pp. 275-281.

[8]. Lolit Kumar Singh, Bhaskar Gupta and Partha P. Sarkar (2011). “T-slot Broadband Rectangular Patch Antenna”, International Journal of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 4, pp. 43-47, ISSN 0974-2174.

[9]. T. Huynh and K.F Lee, (1995). “Single-layer single-patch wide band microstrip antenna”, Electron. Lett 31, pp. 1310- 1311.

[10]. Mohammad Tariqul Islam, Mohammed Nazmus Shakib and et al, (2009). “Modified E-H shaped Microstrip Antenna for wireless system”, IEEE International Conference on Networking Proceedings, ISBN 978-1-4244-3492-3, pp. 794-796.

[11]. V. G. Veselago, (1968). “The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of µ and e”, Sov. Phys. Uspekhi, Vol.10, No. 4, pp. 509–514.

[12]. R. W. Ziolkowski, (2003). “Design, fabrication, and testing of double negative metamaterials”, IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 51, No. 7, pp. 1516-1529.

[13]. The Metamaterial HFSS Design Manual/ www.rfglobalnet.com/.../Left-Handed-Metamaterial- Design-Guide-0002.

[14]. D.R. Smith, W.J. Padilla, D.C. Vier, S.C.N. Nasser, S. Schultz, (2000). "Composite medium with simultaneously negative permittivity and permeability”. Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol. 84, No. 5, pp. 4184-4187.

[15]. J.B. Pendry, (2000). "Negative Refraction Makes a Perfect Lens." Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol. 85, No. 8, pp. 3966-3969.

[16]. J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W. J. Stewart, (1999). “Magnetism from Conductors and Enhanced Nonlinear Phenomena”, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 47, No. 11. pp. 2075-2084.

[17]. W Wang, B.-I. Wu, J. Pacheco, X. Chen, T. Grzegorczyk and J. A. Kong, (2005). “A study of using metamaterials as antenna substrate to enhance gain”, PIER 51, pp. 295–328.

[18]. J. G. Joshi, Shyam S. Pattnaik, and S. Devi, (2012). “Metamaterial Embedded Wearable Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna”, International Journal of Antennas and Propagation.

[19]. Li B., Wu B., and Liang C.-H, (2006). “Study on High Gain Circular waveguide Array antenna with Metamaterial structure”, PIER 60, pp. 207–219.

[20]. M.Z.M.Zani, M. H. Jusoh, A. A. Sulaiman, N. H. Baba, R. A. Awang, and M. F. Ain, (2010). “Circular Patch Antenna On Metamaterial”, IEEE International Conference on Electronic Devices, Systems and Applications (ICEDSA), pp. 313-316.

[21]. Bimal Garg, P.K. Singhal, Nitin Agrawal, (2012). “A High Gain Rectangular Microstrip Patch antenna using Different C Patterns Metamaterial design in L-Band”, Advanced C o m p u t a t i o n a l T e c h n i q u e s i n E l e c t r o m - agnetics, Vol 2012, pp. 1-5.

[22]. H. A. Jang, D. O. Kim, and C. Y. Kim, (2012). “Size Reduction of Patch Antenna Array Using CSRRs Loaded Ground Plane”, PIER Symposium Proceedings, pp. 1487- 1489.

[23]. Marta Gil, Jordi Bonache, Joan Garcia –Jesus Martel, And Ferran Martin, (2007). “Composite Right/Left-Handed M e t a m a t - e r i a l Tr a n s m i s s i o n L i n e s B a s e d O n Complementar y Split-Rings Resonators And Their Applications To Very Wideband And Compact Filter Design”, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 55, No. 6.

[24]. E. T. Rahardjo, W.Yuswardi, and F. Y. Zulkifli, (2012). “Size Reduction of Microstrip Antenna with CRLH-TL Metamaterial and Partial Ground Plane Techniques”, Proceedings of ISAP, pp. 898-901.

[25]. Mimi A. W. Nordin, Mohammad T. Islam, and Norbahiah Misran, (2013). “Design of a compact Ultra Wide Band metamaterial antenna based on the modified Split ring resonator and Capacitively Loaded Strips unit cell”, PIER, Vol. 136, pp. 157-173.

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Article

A Study on Access Point Selection Schemes in Wireless LAN

Dileep Kumar Reddy P* , K. Sireesha**

* Lecturer, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, JNTUA-CEA, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

** M.Tech Student, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, JNTUA-CEA, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Reddy, P.D.K., and Sireesha, K. (2015). A Study on Access Point Selection Schemes in Wireless LAN. i-manager's Journal on Wireless Communication Networks, 4(2), 8-12. https://doi.org/10.26634/jwcn.4.2.3584

Abstract

In recent years, Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) are widely deployed everywhere due to low-cost and easy installation. Selecting the best access point is the major research problem. The stations in the network should get associated with the suitable Access Points (AP) that result in higher throughput. In IEEE 802.11 wireless networks, the simple association strategy is to get associated to the AP with the strongest Received Signel Strength Indication (RSSI) value, which may cause load imbalance and eventually traffic overhead. Also, this strategy may not result in effective throughput as it does not consider the other parameters like channel conditions, traffic type, access point load. Several other strategies that use decision metrics like load information, position of AP, potential bandwidth, round trip time have been proposed after a long research work, but has failed in perfect association with an access point. Thus, access point selection is still a critical problem. A new metric or combination of metrics has to be derived that facilitates the effective selection of an AP, that maximizes the throughput. This paper presents the existing AP selection strategies in the context of WLAN. This paper also provides directions to design the metrics of AP selection method in a WLAN.

References

[1]. A.J. Nicholson, Y. Chawathe, M.Y. Chen, B.D. Noble, and D.Wetherall, (2006). “Improved Access Point Selection”, Proc. Fourth Int'l Conf. Mobile Systems, Applications and Services (MobiSys).

[2]. V. Mhatre and K. Papagiannaki, (2006). “Using Smart Triggers for Improved User Performance in 802.11 Wireless Networks,” Proc. Fourth Int'l Conf. Mobile Systems, Applications and Services (MobiSys),

[3]. F. Xu, C. Tan, Q. Li, G. Yan, and J. Wu, (2010). “Designing a Practical Access Point Association Protocol”, Proc. IEEE INFOCOM,

[4]. S. Vasudevan, K. Papagiannaki, C. Diot, J. Kurose, and D. Towsley, (2005). “Facilitating Access Point Selection in IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks”, Proc. Fifth ACM SIGCOMM Conf. Internet Measurement (IMC),

[5]. K. Mittal, E. Belding, and S. Suri, (2008). “A Game- Theoretic Analysis of Wireless Access Point Selection by Mobile Users”, J. Computer Comm., Vol. 31, pp. 2049- 2062,

[6]. Fukuda, Y., Abe, T., and Oie, Y. (2004). “Decentralized access point selection architecture for wireless LANs”, IEEE- 2004 Wireless Telecommunications Symposium, pp.137- 145.

[7]. NCTUns 6.0 Network Simulator and Emulator. [online] http://nsl.cs.nctu.edu.tw/NSL/nctuns.html

[8]. Wang, H., Wong, W. C., Soh, W. S., and Motani, M. (2009). “Dynamic association in IEEE 802.11 based wireless th mesh networks”, IEEE 6 International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS-2009), pp.81-85.

[9]. G. Judd and P. Steenkiste, (2002). “Fixing 802.11 Access Point Selection”, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Comm. Rev., Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 31.

[10]. L.Yen, J. Li,and C. Lin, (2011). “Stability and Fairness of AP Selection Games in IEEE 802.11 Access Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 60, No. 3, pp. 1150–1160,

[11]. Dhruv Gupta, Prasant Mohapatra and Chen-Nee Chuah, (2011). “Seeker: A bandwidth-base association control framework for wireless mesh networks”, pp. 1287–1304.

[12]. Kumar, G. V., and Bindu, C. S. (2014). “A study on access point selection algorithms in wireless mesh networks”, International Journal of Advanced Networking and Applications, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp.2158-2167.

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Research Paper

Energy Aware MAC Protocols for WirelessSensor Networks

K. Nirmal Raja* , M. Marsaline Beno**

* Research Scholar, Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, India

** Professor and Head Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, St Xavier?s Catholic College of Engineering, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, India.

Raja, K.N., and Beno, M.M. (2015). Energy Aware MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. i-manager's Journal on Wireless Communication Networks, 4(2), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.26634/jwcn.4.2.3585

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are battery-operated computing and sensing devices. The sensor nodes' lifetime is mainly influenced by its battery lifetime. Hence in a WSN MAC, energy conservation and self-configuration are primary goals, while per-node fairness and latency are less important. WSN devices include a low-rate, short-range wireless radio (10–100 kbps, <100 m). Radio communication is often the most power intensive operation and also the major contributor to the overall nodes' energy consumption, and hence the radio must incorporate energy-efficient sleep and wake-up modes. In this paper, three low power RF protocols such as SimpliciTI, TI-MAC, ZStack radio developed by Texas Instruments (TI) were implemented on CC2530 to form a simple data gathering star network. A contention-based MAC mechanism (CSMA/CA) is followed. The wireless protocols are tested for its operation and the performance measures such as the energy consumption of each node and the average energy of the received packets are measured for each protocol and compared.

References

[1]. Bhaskar Krishnamachari, (2005). Networking Wireless Sensors, Cambridge University Press.

[2]. Moshaddique Al Ameen, S. M. Riazul Islam, and Kyungsup Kwak, (2010). “Energy Saving Mechanisms for MAC protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks”, International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 16 Pages.

[3] Waltenegus Dargie, Christian poellabauer, (2010). “Fundamentals of wireless sensor networks : theory and practice”, Wiley Series On Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing.

[4]. Raja Jurdak, Antonio G. Ruzzelli, and Gregory M.P. O'Hare, (2010). “Radio Sleep Mode Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks”, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, Vol. 9, No. 7, pp. 955-968.

[5]. Miguel A. Erazo, Yi Qian, (2006). “An Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks for Wide Area Large Scale Environmental Monitoring”, Fourth International Latin American and Caribbean Conference for Engineering and Technology.

[6]. Jian Shen, Faliu Yi, Sangman Moh and Ilyong Chung, (2011) “Energy Efficiency of MAC protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks”, International Conference on Information Science and Applications (ICISA) , pp. 1-10.

[7]. Wei Ye, J. Heidemann and D. Estrin, (2002). “An energyefficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks”, 21st Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communication Societies, pp. 1567-1576.

[8]. S. Singh and C. S. Raghavendra, (1998). “PAMAS – Power Aware Multi-Access Protocol with Signalling for Ad Hoc Networks,” Proceedings of ACM MobiCom, pp. 5-26.

[9]. J. Polastre, J. Hill, and D. Culler, (2004). “Versatile Low- Power Media Access for Wireless Sensor Networks,” Proceedings of ACM Sensys. pp. 95-107.

[10]. T. V. Dam and K. Langendoen, (2003). “An Adaptive Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks,” Proceedings of ACM SenSys. pp. 171-180

[11]. G. Lu, B. Krishnamachari, and C. Raghavendra, (2004). “An Adaptive Energy-Efficient and Low-Latency MAC for Data-Gathering in Sensor Networks”, Proceedings th of the 4 International EEE Workshop on Algorithms for Wireless, Mobile, Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (WMAN). Vol. 13, No,.13, pp. 224.

[12]. V. Rajendran, K. Obraczka, and J. J. Garcia -Luna- Aceves, (2003). “Energy- Efficient, Collision- Free Medium. Access Control for Wireless Sensor Networks,” Proceedings of ACM Sensys, pp. 12.

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Research Paper

Design and Analysis of Double T-Shaped Triangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

Anup Kumar Chaturvedi* , R.K. Prasad**

* PG Student, Department of ECE, MMMUT Gorakhpur, U.P., India.

** Associate Professor, Department of ECE, MMMUT Gorakhpur, U.P., India

Chaturvedi, A.K., and Prasad, R.K. (2015). Design and Analysis of Double T-Shaped Triangular Microstrip Patch Antenna. i-manager's Journal on Wireless Communication Networks, 4(2), 21-25. https://doi.org/10.26634/jwcn.4.2.3586

Abstract

This paper explains a detailed analysis on the design and implementation of 2x1 microstrip patch antenna array of given specifications using HFSS v15 software. The objective of this paper is to increase the antenna gain with reduced antenna size. The design has a dielectric material FR4 with dielectric substrate permittivity of 4.4, tangent loss of 0.002 and height of 1.6 mm. The microstrip patch antenna array is designed for WLAN and Ultra wide band Frequency applications, at an operating frequency of 3.6GHz and 6GHz with microstrip line feed and power dividers.

References

[1]. PriyaUpadhyay, Vivek Sharma, Richa Sharma, (2012). “Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for WLAN Application”, IJEIT, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 295-297.

[2]. TanvirIshtaique-ulHuque, Kamal Hosain, Shihabul Islam, Al-Amin Chowdhury, (2011). “Design and Performance Analysis with Optimum Parameter” for X-band Apps”, IJACSA, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 81-87.

[3]. Koen W.A. van Dongen, Peter M. van den Berg, and IoanNicolaescu, (2004), “Subsurface imaging using measured near-field antenna footprints'', Near Surface Geophysics, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 31-37, ISSN: 1569-4445.

[4]. ShamanthNagaraju, Bhushan V Kadam, Lucky J Gudino, Srinvasprasad M Nagaraja and Neisarg Dave, (2014). “Performance analysis of rectangular, triangular and E-shaped Microstrip patch antenna arrays for Wireless Sensors Networks”, International Conference on Computer and Communication Technology (ICCCT), pp. 211 - 215.

[5]. L.Godara, (1997). “Application of antenna arrays to mobile communication, performance improvement, feasibility, and system consideration”. Proceedings of the IEEE. Vol. 85. No. 7, pp. 1031-1060.

[6]. W.Chen, K.F.Lee, and J.Dahele, (1992). “Theoretical and experimental studies of the resonant frequencies of the equilateral taingular microstrip antenna,” IEEE Transaction on Antennas and propagation, Vol. 40, No, 10, pp. 1253-1256.

[7]. G.Pushpanjali, R.Konda, S.Mulgi, S.Satnoor, P.Hadalgi, and P.Hunagund, (2006). “Design of wideband equilateral triangle microstrip antennas”, Indian Journal of Radio and Space Physics, Vol. 35, No.6, pp. 443.

[8]. W.Saputa, B.Prasetya, and Y/Wahyu, (2013). “Design and realization of two array triangular path of microstrip antenna with gold plat at frequency 2400-2450MHz for hexagonal Nanosatellite,” International Conference of Information and Communication Technology (ICoICT), pp. 322-327.

[9]. S. Dey and R. Mittra, (1996), ”Compact Microstrip patch antenna”, MOTL, Vol. 13, pp. 12.

[10]. K. L. Wong and W. S. Chen, (1997), ”Compact Microstrip Antenna with dual frequency operation”, Electronics Letters, Vol. 33, No. 8, pp. 646.

[11]. R. M. Vane aet.al, (2006), ”A shorted Rectangular Microstrip Antenna with slots in ground plane”, IE(I), Journal- ET, Vol. 87, pp. 19-20.

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Research Paper

HHT and DWT Based MIMO-OFDM for Various ModulationSchemes: A Comparative Approach

PADMAJA* , E. Ramyakrishna**

* Professor, ECE Department, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati, India.

** PG Student, Space Technology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India.

Padmaja, N., and Ramyakrishna, E. (2015). HHT and DWT Based MIMO-OFDM for Various Modulation Schemes: A Comparative Approach. i-manager's Journal on Wireless Communication Networks, 4(2), 26-31. https://doi.org/10.26634/jwcn.4.2.3587

Abstract

This paper presents a comparative study of HHT and DWT Based MIMO-OFDM for BPSK, QPSK and QAM modulation schemes in AWGN and Raleigh Fading Channel. Angular diversity is used in radars to mitigate the impairment caused by rapid fluctuations in Radar Cross Section (RCS) of the target. The antennas are placed in separate locations so that the target is seen from different angles. Such systems are called Statistical Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) or MIMO radars with distributed antennas. This statistical MIMO radar exploits angular diversity to mitigate the impacts of RCS fluctuations. The channel capacity in AWGN channel is better when compared to the Rayleigh fading noise channel, since the SNR is high with low BER for any signal in any type of modulation technique. So that AWGN channel gives good results. Wavelet based OFDM has a lot of advantages compared to the FFT based OFDM. There is no need for cyclic prefix, flexibility and gives an optimal resolution. HHT based MIMO-OFDM gives better SNR and low BER compared to the FFT and DWT based MIMO-OFDM. In DWT MIMO OFDM, wavelets are applicable in almost all the areas of communications schemes with OFDM, which is a durable applicant for next peers of wireless schemes. Comparing different types of modulation schemes such as BPSK,QPSK and QAM, BPSK gives good results. So, finally HHT based MIMO OFDM in AWGN channel by using BPSK modulation technique gives better results compared to the DWT based MIMO OFDM.

References

[1]. Akansu, Ali N Serdijn, Wouter A Selesnick, Ivan W, (2010). “Emerging applications of wavelets: A review”, Physical Communication, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp 1-18.

[2]. G. W. Wornell, (1996). "Emerging applications of multirate signal processing and wavelets in digital communications," Proc. IEEE, Vol. 84, pp. 586-603, Apr.

[3]. M. Weeks, (2007). Digital Signal Processing Using Matlab and Wavelets, Infinity Science Press.

[4]. S. R. Baig, F. U. Rehman, and M. J. Mughal, (2005). “Performance Comparison of DFT, Discrete Wavelet Packet and Wavelet Transforms in an OFDM Transceiver for th Multipath Fading Channel”, 9 IEEE International Multitopic Conference, pp. 1-6.

[5]. B. G. Nagesh, H. Nikookar, (2001). “Wavelet Based OFDM for Wireless Channels”, IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, Vol. 1, pp. 688- 691.

[6]. N. Padmaja, S.Varadarajan and R.Swathi, (2011). “Signal Processing of Radar Echoes using Wavelets & Hilbert Huang Transform”, SIPIJ : Signal and Image Processing : An International Journal, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp 101-119, ISSN : 0976 - 710X (Online); 2229 - 3922 (print).

[7]. Abdullah and Hussain, (2009). Studies on DWT-OFDM and FFT-OFDM systems, ICCCP, pp.1-5

[8]. Simon Haykin, (2001). Communication Systems, 4 edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

[9]. B.Monisha, M.Ramkumar, M.V. Priya, A. Jenifer Philomina, D.Parthiban, S.Suganya, N.R. Raajan. (2012). “Design and Implementation of Orthogonal Based Haar Wavelet Division Multiplexing For 3GPP Network” ICCCI - 2012.

[10]. Philomina. A. J. et.al. (2012). “Channel Estimation of WCDMA with Synchronized Synchronized OFDM System for MIMO Communication”, International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI), IEEE, pp. 1-6.

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Review Paper

A Review on Frequency ReconfigurableMicrostrip Antennas

T. S. Sheriba* , M. Murugan**

* Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Valliammai Engineering College, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India.

** Professor and Vice Principal, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Valliammai Engineering College, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India.

Sheriba, T. S. and Murugan, M. (2015). A Review on Frequency Reconfigurable Microstrip Antennas. i-manager's Journal on Wireless Communication Networks, 4(2), 32-42. https://doi.org/10.26634/jwcn.4.2.3588

Abstract

The need for a simpler system that satisfies multiple requirements and standards has increased due to the rapid progress in the field of communication. The development of reconfigurable antennas has turned out to be a boon to such systems due to its dynamic characteristics, simple structure, light weight, better gain and radiation properties. The fast growing wireless technologies demands a highly complex system to satisfy the standards. This hardware complexity has posed a challenge to the research field in a way to make simple structures with effective characteristics. The researchers have presently succeeded in transforming these complex hardwares like filters at front end into simple antenna structures. This survey concentrates on various research works carried out in the field of frequency reconfiguration in microstrip antennas that has considerably reduced the complexity in structures and thereby the antenna size. Keywords: Frequency Reconfiguration, PIN Diodes, Varactor, Micro-Electro-Mechanical System(MEMS), Optical Antennas, Holographic Antennas, Ultra Wideband Antennas, Tunable Materials, Multipixel Antenna, Slot Antennas, Mechanically Reconfigurable Antennas.

References

[1]. Schaubert, D., (1983). “Frequency-agile polarization diversity microstrip antennas and frequency scanned arrays,” U.S. Patent, 4367474, 1983.

[2]. N Kumar, P., Raju. A., SK Behera., (2015). “Frequency Reconfigurable Microstrip Antenna for Cognitive Radio Applications”. IEEE.

[3]. Anagnostou, D.,Zheng.G.,Barbin, S., Chryssomallis, M.,Papapolymerou, J., & C. Christodoulou. (2005). “An Xband reconfigurable planar dipoleantenna”. Proc. SBMO/IEEE MTT-S Int. Conf. on Microwave and Optoelectronics, pp. 654–656.

[4]. Erdil, E.,Topalli, K., Unlu, M., Civi, O., &Akin, T. (2007). “Frequency tunablemicrostrip patch antenna using RF MEMS technology”. IEEE Transaction on Antennasand Propagation, Vol. 55(4). pp 1193–1196.

5]. Haridas, N., AErdogan. T., Arslan, T., A. Walton, J., Smith, S., Stevenson, T., Dunare, C.,Gundlach,A.,Terry, J., Argyrakis, P., Tierney, K., Ross, A., &O'Hara, T. (2008). “Reconfigurable MEMS Antennas. NASA/ESA Conference on Adaptive Hardware and Systems”, IEEE. pp. 147-154.

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[8]. Rama Krishna, D., Muthukumar, M., & Pandharipande, V. M. (2015). “Design and development of reconfigurable rectangular patch antenna array for tri-band applications”, A E U - I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l o f E l e c t ro n i c s a n d Communications, Vol. 69, No.1, pp. 56–61. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j. aeue.2014.07.013

[9]. Haupt. R.L., & Lanagan. M., (2013). “Reconfigurable Antennas”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 55, No.1.

[10]. Weily, A.R., Bird, T.S., & Guo, Y.J., (2008). “A Reconfigurable High-Gain Partially Reflecting Surface Antenna”. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 56(11), pp. 3382-3390.

[11]. Behdad. N., & Sarabandi. K. (2006). “A Varactor- Tuned Dual-Band Slot Antenna”. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 401- 408.

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[13]. Li, H., Xiong, J., Yu, Y., & He, S. (2010a). “A simple compact reconfigurable slot antenna with a very wide tuning range”. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol.58(11), pp.3725–3728. http://doi.org/ 10.1109/TAP.2010.2071347.

[14]. Haridas, N., et.al (2008). “Reconfigurable MEMS Antennas NASA/ESA” Conference on Adaptive Hardware and Systems 2008, IEEE, pp. 147-154.

[15]. Rebeiz, G. M., (2003). “RF MEMS switches: Status of the th technology”. IEEE 12 International Conference on Transducers, Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, Vol.2, pp.1726-1729.

[16]. Ponchak, G.E.,Simons, R,N., & Scardelletti, M. (2000). “Microelectromechanical switches for phased array antennas”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Vol. 4, pp. 2230 – 2233.

[17]. Fan, S.T., Y.Z. Yin, H. Li, S.J.Wei, X.H. Li, & L. Kang. (2010). “A novel tri-band printed monopole antenna with an etched-shaped slot and a parasitic ring resonator for W L A N a n d W i M A X a p p l i c a t i o n s ” . Pro g re s s I n Electromagnetics Research Letters. Vol. 16. No. 61-68

[18]. Bemani, M., Nikmehr, S.,&Younesiraad, H. (2011). “A novel small triple band rectangular dielectric resonator antenna for WLAN and WiMAX applications”, Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, pp. 1688-1698.

[19]. Mana,S, Nikmehr.S, &Bemani,M (2012). “A Planar R e c o n f i g u r a b l e M u l t i f u n c t i o n a l A n t e n n a f o r WLAN/WIMAX/UWB/PCS-DCS/UMTS Applications”. Progress in Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 26, pp.123-137.

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i-manager's Journal on Wireless Communication Networks (JWCN)

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Volume 4 Issue 2 July - September 2015

A Survey on Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Split Ring Resonators for Wireless Applications

Sanjai Kumar Singh* , R.K. Prasad**

* PG Student, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, MMMUT Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. ** Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, MMMUT Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Singh, S.K., and Prasad, R.K. (2015). A Survey on Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Split Ring Resonators for Wireless Applications. i-manager's Journal on Wireless Communication Networks, 4(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.26634/jwcn.4.2.3582

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A Study on Access Point Selection Schemes in Wireless LAN

Dileep Kumar Reddy P* , K. Sireesha**

* Lecturer, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, JNTUA-CEA, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India. ** M.Tech Student, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, JNTUA-CEA, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Reddy, P.D.K., and Sireesha, K. (2015). A Study on Access Point Selection Schemes in Wireless LAN. i-manager's Journal on Wireless Communication Networks, 4(2), 8-12. https://doi.org/10.26634/jwcn.4.2.3584

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Energy Aware MAC Protocols for WirelessSensor Networks

K. Nirmal Raja* , M. Marsaline Beno**

* Research Scholar, Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, India ** Professor and Head Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, St Xavier?s Catholic College of Engineering, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, India.

Raja, K.N., and Beno, M.M. (2015). Energy Aware MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. i-manager's Journal on Wireless Communication Networks, 4(2), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.26634/jwcn.4.2.3585

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Design and Analysis of Double T-Shaped Triangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

Anup Kumar Chaturvedi* , R.K. Prasad**

* PG Student, Department of ECE, MMMUT Gorakhpur, U.P., India. ** Associate Professor, Department of ECE, MMMUT Gorakhpur, U.P., India

Chaturvedi, A.K., and Prasad, R.K. (2015). Design and Analysis of Double T-Shaped Triangular Microstrip Patch Antenna. i-manager's Journal on Wireless Communication Networks, 4(2), 21-25. https://doi.org/10.26634/jwcn.4.2.3586

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HHT and DWT Based MIMO-OFDM for Various ModulationSchemes: A Comparative Approach

PADMAJA* , E. Ramyakrishna**

* Professor, ECE Department, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati, India. ** PG Student, Space Technology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India.

Padmaja, N., and Ramyakrishna, E. (2015). HHT and DWT Based MIMO-OFDM for Various Modulation Schemes: A Comparative Approach. i-manager's Journal on Wireless Communication Networks, 4(2), 26-31. https://doi.org/10.26634/jwcn.4.2.3587

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A Review on Frequency ReconfigurableMicrostrip Antennas

T. S. Sheriba* , M. Murugan**

Sheriba, T. S. and Murugan, M. (2015). A Review on Frequency Reconfigurable Microstrip Antennas. i-manager's Journal on Wireless Communication Networks, 4(2), 32-42. https://doi.org/10.26634/jwcn.4.2.3588

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* PG Student, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, MMMUT Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

** Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, MMMUT Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

* Lecturer, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, JNTUA-CEA, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

** M.Tech Student, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, JNTUA-CEA, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

* Research Scholar, Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, India

** Professor and Head Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, St Xavier?s Catholic College of Engineering, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, India.

* PG Student, Department of ECE, MMMUT Gorakhpur, U.P., India.

** Associate Professor, Department of ECE, MMMUT Gorakhpur, U.P., India

* Professor, ECE Department, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati, India.

** PG Student, Space Technology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India.