i-manager Publications

i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering (JCE)

Current Issue Vol. 14 Issue 2

Behavioral Studies on Sorptivity of the Concrete Blended with Nano Silica
Optimization of Lane Based Signalized Intersections through VISSIM at Outer Ring Road Bengaluru
Trend Analysis of Rainfall Data using Mann-Kendall Test and Sen's Slope Estimator
A Review on Sustainable Utilization of Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) for the Production of Mortar and Concrete
A Critical Review of Experimental Research on the Durability of Cement Modified with Partial Steel Slag Replacement

Most Cited

Volume 4 Issue 4 September - November 2014

Research Paper

Strength and Durability Characteristics of Stabilized and Compressed Laterite Bricks

Shanmuka K.N* , Manjunath. K S, Prahallada M.C.*

* Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Smt. Kamala and Sri Venkappa M. Agadi College of Engineering and Technology, Karnataka, India.

Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Malnad College of Engineering,Hassan, Karnataka, India.

* Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Christ University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Shanmuka.K.N., Manjunath.K., and Prahallada.M.C. (2014). Strength and Durability Characteristics of Stabilized and Compressed Laterite Bricks. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 4(4), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.4.4.3084

Abstract

Utilization of laterite soil as building material has become a source of concern to all due to its effect on the social, economy and environment factors. Rising population in developing nations like India has led to the demand and effective utilization of these gifted materials in construction of houses, roads and others. This paper is aimed at examining the properties of laterite soil for sustainable buildings. Hence in this experimental investigation, an attempt has been made to study the suitability of laterite soil in the preparation of compressed laterite bricks with the addition of different percentages of cement. Dry compressive strength, wet compressive strength and water absorption were found out on the prepared specimens. The results show that the compressed laterite bricks of laterite soil with 7% addition of cement possess the maximum compressive strength with less absorption of water.

References

[1]. Amin Esmaeil Ramaji (2012). “A Review on the Soil Stabilization Using Low-Cost Methods”, Journal of Applied Sciences Research, Vol.8, No.4, pp.2193-2196.

[2]. IS 1077-1992: Common Burnt Clay Building Bricks -Specification, Bureau of Indian Standards, India.

[3]. IS 8112-1989: 43 grade ordinary Portland cement, Bureau of Indian Standards, India.

[4]. IS: 3495 – 1992, Methods of tests of burnt building bricks – Part 1: Determination of compressive strength, Bureau of Indian Standards, India.

[5]. IS: 3495 – 1992, Methods of tests of burnt building bricks – Part 2: Determination of water absorption, Bureau of Indian Standards, India.

[6]. Fetra Venny Riza, Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad Zaidi, Ismail Abdul Rahman (2010). “A Brief Review of Compressed Stabilized Earth Brick (CSEB)”, International Conference on Science and Social Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp.999-1004.

[7]. Great general information (http://www.earth-auroville.com)

[8]. Jagadish K. S (2008). “Alternative Building Materials Technology”, New Age International Publishers.

[9]. Kabiraj.K, Mandal.U.K (2012). "Experimental investigation and feasibility study on stabilized compacted earth block using local resources”, International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, Vol 2, No 3, pp.838-850.

[10]. Maher O. Amin (2013). “Effect of Gypsum Stabilization on Mechanical Properties of Compressed Earth Blocks”, Tikrit, Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.20, No.3, pp.87-93.

[11]. Nagaraj H.B., Sravan M.V., Arun T.G., Jagadish K.S (2014). “Role of lime with cement in long-term strength of Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks”, International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, Vol.3, No.1, pp.54-61.

[12]. Pankaj R. Modak, Prakash B. Nangare, Sanjay D. Nagrale, Ravindra D. Nalawade, Vivek S. Chavhan (2012). “Stabilisation of Black Cotton Soil Using Admixtures”, International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology, Vol 1,No. 5, pp. 1-3.

[13]. Veena A R, Siva Kumar P and Eapen Sakaria (2014). “Experimental Investigation on Cement Stabilized Soil Blocks”, International Journal of Structural and Civil Engg., Vol. 3, No. 1, pp.44-53.

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Research Paper

Acid Resistance of High Volumes of Slag Concrete

Vijaya Gowri T * , P. Sravana, P. Srinivas Rao*

* Assistant Professor, B.V. Raju Institute of Technology, Narsapur, Medak(Dist.), Telangana State, India.

Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, India.

* Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, India.

Gowri,V.T., Sravana.P., and Rao,S.P. (2014). Acid Resistance of High Volumes of Slag Concrete. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 4(4), 7-17. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.4.4.3085

Abstract

This paper presents durability of high volumes of Slag Concrete, exposed to Hydrochloric acid, Sulphuric acid and Sodium Sulphate. In the present investigation, high volumes of Slag Concrete of 100mm cubes of eight mixes were cast and cured for 28 days. The cubes were immersed in distilled water with 10% of Hydrochloric acid, 10% of Sulphuric acid and 10% of Sodium Sulphate separately. The durability studies of High Volumes of Slag Concrete were conducted at 28 days, 90 days, 180 days and 360 days. The results obtained are presented and compared between different mixes.

References

[1]. Shetty M.S. (2004). “Concrete Technology Theory and Practice”, New Delhi, S.Chand& Co.

[2]. Elkem Materials,(2001). www.concrete.elkem.com

[3]. Shoichi Ogawa, HikotsuguHyodo, HirhoshiHirao, Kazuo Yamada, Atsushi Matsui, Doug Hooton, (2008). “Sulfate Resistance Improvement of Blended Cement Based on Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag”, The 3rd ACF International Conference- ACF/VCA, pp. 499-506.

[4]. Portland Cement Association, (2014). www.cement. org.

[5]. Roland Bleszinski,DougHootan.R, Michael D.A. Thomas and Chris A.Rogers (2008). “Durability of Ternary Blended Concrete with Silica Fume and Blast-Furnace Slag: Laboratory and Outdoor Exposure Site Studies”, ACI Materials Journal, Vol.99(5), pp.499-508.

[6]. Chattergee A.K.(2000). “Performance of blended cements – An Indian perspective”, The Indian Concrete Journal, Vol.(74)7, pp.383-393.

[7]. Elena Dan, Ivan Janotka (2003). “Chemical Resistance of Portland Cement, Blast- Furnace Slag Portland Cementand Sulphoaluminate-belite Cement In Acid, Chloride and Sulphate Solution:some Preliminary Results”, Ceramics - Silikáty, Vol.47 (4), pp. 141-148.

[8]. G.J. Osborne*(1999). “Durability of Portland blast-furnace slag cement concrete”, Cement and Concrete Composites Vol.21, pp.11-21.

[9]. Wikipedia on Ground granulated blast-furnace slag, the free download encyclopedia,(2014), Architectural and Engineering benifits, para. 1.

[10]. Swamy R.N (2007). “Sustainable Concrete for 21st Century- Concept of Strength Through Durability”, The Indian Concrete Journal, pp.7-15.

[11]. Neetu Singh, Sameer Vyas, R.P.Pathak, Pankaj Sharma, N.V.Mahure, S.L. Gupta (2013). “Effect of Aggressive Chemical Environment on Durability of Green Geopolymer Concrete”, International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT), Vol. 3(4), pp. 277-284.

[12]. William AperadorChaparro, Jorge Hernando Bautista Ruiz, Robinson de Jesús Torres Gómez (2011). “Corrosion of reinforcing bars embedded in alkali-activated slag concrete subjected to chloride attack”, Material Research, Vol.15(1), http://dx.doi.org/10. 1590/ S1516-14392011005000096.

[13]. ElkeGruyaert, Philip Van den Heede, Mathias Maes, Nele De Belie, (2012). “Investigation of the influence of blast-furnace slag on the resistance of concrete against organic acid or sulphate attack by means of accelerated degradation tests”, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.42, pp.173–185.

[14]. Donald W. Lewis March (1981). “Durability of Slag Cement Concretes”, National Slag Association, NSA 181-3, http://www.nationalslagassoc.org.

[15]. David N. Richardson (2006). “Strength and Durability Characteristics of a 70% Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) Concrete Mix”, Organizational Results Research Report, pp.1-94.

[16]. G. Roa-Rodriguez, W. Aperador, A. Delgado (2014). “Resistance to Chlorides of the Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete”, International Journal of Electrochemical Science, Vol. 9, pp. 282 – 291.

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Research Paper

Explicit Equation for Settling Velocity of Particle

Manish Kumar* , Shri Ram**

* Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India.

* Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India.

Kumar,M., and Shriram. (2014). Explicit Equation for Settling Velocity of Particle. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 4(4), 18-25. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.4.4.3086

Abstract

The settling velocity of the particle is an important parameter in the area dealing with sedimentation engineering, chemical engineering and environmental engineering. A lot of work has been done by researchers on the determination of expressing settling velocity relation, and as a result lots of relations had come to existence. The major disadvantage with relation is that they cannot come to implant in engineering applications, as most of them hold one or other limitations. In this work, a settling velocity relation has been proposed which is applicable to all ranges of Reynolds number.

References

[1]. Oseen, C. W. (1927). “Neuere Methoden und Ergebnisse in der Hydrodynamik.” Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig.

[2]. Rubey, W. W. (1933). “Settling velocities of gravel, sand and silt particles.” Am. J.Sci., Vol. 25(148), pp.325 -338.

[3]. Rouse, H. (1938). “Fluid mechanics for hydraulic engineers”, Dover, New York.

[4]. Sha,Y.Q.(1956). “Basic principles of sediment transport.” Journal of Sediment Research, Vol.1(2), pp.1-54.

[5]. Interagency Committee. (1957). “Some fundamentals of particle size analysis: A study of methods used in measurement andanalysis of sediment loads in streams”. Rep. No.12, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Minneapolis, MN.

[6]. Turian RM, Yuan TF, Mauri G. (1971). “Pressure drop correlation for pipeline flow of solid-liquid suspensions,” AIChE Journal, Vol.17(4), pp.809-17.

[7]. Yalin, M.S. (1977). “Mechanics of sediment transpor”, Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 80–87

[8]. Zanke, U. (1977). “Berechnung der Sinkgeschwindigkeiten von Sedimenten”. Franzius-Institutsfuer Wasserbau, Heft 46.

[9]. Clift R, Grace JR, Weber ME. (1978). “Bubbles, drops ,and particles”. New York :Academic Press.

[10]. Zigrang DJ, Sylvester ND. (1981). “An explicit equation for particle settling velocities in solid-liquid systems.” Aiche Journal, Vol. 27(6), pp.1043-44.

[11]. Hallermeier, R. J. (1981). “Terminal settling velocity of commonly occurring sand grains”. Sedimentology, Vol.28(6), pp. 859–865.

[12]. Dietrich, W.E. (1982). “Settling velocity of natural particles,” Water Resource. Research, Vol.18(6), pp.1615–1626.

[13]. Khan AR, Richardson JF (1987). “The resistance to motion of a solid sphere in a fluid, ” Chemical Engineering Communications, Vol.62(1-6), pp.135-50.

[14]. Turton R, Clark NN (1987). “An explicit relationship to predict spherical-particle terminal velocity,” Powder Technology, Vol.53(2), pp.127-9.

[15]. Van Rijn, L.C. (1989). “Handbook: Sediment transport by currents and waves.” Report H461, Delft Hydraulics, Netherlands.

[16]. Zhang, R.J.(1989). “Sediment dynamics in rivers.” Water Resources Press.

[17]. Swamee, P. K., and Ojha, C. S. P. (1991). “Drag coefficient and fall velocity of nonspherical particles”. J. Hydraul. Eng., ASCE, Vol.117 (5), pp.660-667.

[18]. Ibad-zade, Y.A. (1992). “ Movement of sediment in open channels.” Translated by Ghosh, S.P. Russian Translation Series, Vol. 49. A. A. Balkema/Rotterdam.

[19]. Shiller, R.E. Jr (1992). “Sediment Transport in Pipes.” Chapter 6 Handbook of Dredging engineering MH, New York.

[20]. Zhu, L.J., and Cheng, N.S.(1993). “Settlement of sediment particles.” Research Report, Dept. of River and Harbour Eng., Nanjing Hydr. Res. Institute, China.

[21]. Heiskanen KI. (1993). “Particle classification“.1st ed. London; New York.

[22]. Hartman, M., Trnka, O., and Svoboda, K. (1994). “Free settling of non-spherical particles.” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol.33 (8), pp 1979-1983.

[23]. Julien, Y. P. (1995). “Erosion and sedimentation,” Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.

[24]. Cheng,N.S. (1997). “A simplified settling velocity formula for sediment particles.” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol.123(2), pp.149-152.

[25]. Wilson, K. C., Addie, G. R. and Clift, R. (1997). “Slurry Transport Using Centrifugal Pumps.” Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, New York, USA, pp.432.

[26]. Soulsby, R. L. (1997). “Dynamics of marine sands”, Thomas Telford, London, pp.249.

[27]. Ahrens, J. P. (2000). “The fall velocity equation.” Journal of Waterwork., Port, Coastal, Ocean Engineering, ASCE, Vol.126(2), pp.99–102.

[28]. Brown PP, Lawler DF (2003). “Sphere drag and settling velocity revisited.” Journal of Environmental engineering-Asce. Vol.129(3), pp.222-31.

[29]. Jimenez, J. A., and Madsen, O. S. (2003). “A simple formula to estimate settling velocity of natural sediments.” Journal of Waterwork., Port, Coastal, Ocean Engineering, ASCE, Vol.129 (2), pp.70-78.

[30]. Wu, W., and Wang, S. S. Y. (2006). “Formulas for sediment porosity and settling velocity.” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol.132(8), pp.858-862.

[31]. Almedeij J. (2008). “Drag coefficient of flow around sphere: Matching asymptotically the wide trend.” Powder Technology, Vol. 186(3), pp.218-223.

[32]. Cheng, N.S. (2009). “Comparison of formulas for drag coefficient and settling velocity of spherical particles” . Powder Technology, Vol.189(3), pp.395-398.

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Research Paper

Parametric Study of a Simply Supported Composite Plate Using Finite Element Method

P.Deepak Kumar* , Ishan Sharma, P.R. Maiti*

* Under graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, India.

M.Tech. Supervisor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, India.

* Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, India.

Kumar,D.P., Sharma,I., and Maiti.P.R. (2014). Parametric Study of a Simply Supported Composite Plate Using Finite Element Method. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 4(4), 26-33. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.4.4.3087

Abstract

Composite Materials are materials with two or more distinct macroscopic phases which together result in a structure with properties which are not achievable with any of the individual constituents. Fibre-reinforced composites, specifically those based on fibre reinforced polymers, combine the best of the materials inheriting high stiffness and strength. Laminates are composites in which different layers of materials give them a specific character to perform a particular function. Composite laminates have been used increasingly in a variety of industrial areas due to their high stiffness and strength-to-weight ratios, long fatigue life, resistance to electrochemical corrosion and other superior material properties of composites. Laminated composite plate structures find numerous applications in aerospace, military and automotive industries. An accurate understanding of their structural behaviour is necessary, such as deflections and stresses for tailoring strong, reliable multi-layered structures. The objective of this research is to model a composite plate using Finite Element Method for further parametric study. A comparison of solutions obtained from Finite Element Method is made with Classical results. The finite element model subjected to uniformly distributed load is used to investigate the effect of laminate configuration on the deflection of composite plates. To get a better picture, failure in composite plate is analysed using Tsai-Hill Criteria. The numerical results from stress and deflection criteria show that design of composites is usually governed by deflection rather than strength

References

[1]. Subramanian P.,(2006). “Dynamic analysis of laminated composite beams using higher order theories and finite elements”, Composite Structures, Vol.73, pp.342-353.

[2]. Hongxing H, Rongying S.,(2008).“Dynamic finite element method for generally laminated composite beams”, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, Vol. 50, pp.466–480.

[3]. Zhang C, (2014). “Life cycle assessment (LCA) of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites in civil applications”, Eco-Efficient Construction and Building Materials, pp.565-591.

[4]. Moy S,(2013). “Advanced fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for civil engineering applications”, Developments in Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Civil Engineering, pp.177-204.

[5]. Zhang YX, Yang CH.,(2009).“Recent developments in finite element analysis for laminated composite plates”,Composite Structures, Vol.88, pp.147-157.

[6]. Shufrin I, Rabinovitch O, Eisenberger M.,(2008). “Buckling of laminated plates with general boundary conditions under combined compression, tension, and shear- A semi-analytical solution”,Thin-Wall Strut, Vol. 46, pp.925-938.

[7]. Mukhopadhyay M.,(2004).“Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structures”, Universities Press, Hyderabad.

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Research Paper

Inexpensive Method of Fluoride Removal of Water Using Cost Effective Adsorbents

Gayathri.G* , Prahallada M.C.**

* Visiting Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering, Christ University Faculty of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

** Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Christ University Faculty of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Gayathri.G., and Prahallada.M.C. (2014). Inexpensive Method of Fluoride Removal of Water Using Cost Effective Adsorbents . i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 4(4), 34-41. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.4.4.3088

Abstract

The main objective of the experimental investigation was to develop inexpensive and safe methods of fluoride removal. The adsorbents used in this investigation are amla powder, tamarind powder, neem powder; brick powders, clay with sand which were inexpensive and nontoxic materials available easily in nature and locally at village/rural level. Some of the adsorbents are very effective in removal of fluoride ions,and can be used as fluoridating agents but they impart color and turbidity to the treated drinking water. Among all adsorbents, amla powder was found to be the most cost effective in adsorbing fluorine ions. Tamarind and brick powder were also found to be efficient adsorbents to certain extent. Clay mixed with different percentage of sand was also capable of adsorbing fluoride ions at lower pH value. Both batch and column experiments were conducted, and fluoride removal capacity was studied with respect to time and flow rates lit/day respectively. Finally, it has been observed that adsorbents were definitely having good adsorbent capacity, pH and fluoride concentration and are well within permissible limits.

References

[1]. APHA (2000). “Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater”, American Public Health Association, Washington DC, 18th edition.

[2]. Bulusu (1979). “Fluorides in water-defluoridation methods and their limitations”, Institution of Engineers (J), Vol. 60, pp.2–6.

[3]. Jamode A V, Sapkal V S and Jamode V S (2004). “Uptake of fluoride ions using leaf powder of Ficus religiosa”, Water Works Association (J), Vol. 36, pp.19 –22.

[4]. Killedar D.J and Bhargava D S (1998). “An overview of defluoridation methods”, Part-2, Public Health Engineering(J), Vol .2, pp.37- 42.

[5]. Killedar D.J and Bhargava D S (1998). “An overview of defluoridation methods”, Part-I, Public Health Engineering (J), Vol. 6, pp.41 – 44.

[6]. Koteswara Rao M, Mallikarjun Metre (2014). “Effective Low Cost Adsorbents for Removal of Fluoride from Water: A Review”, International Journal of Science and Research, Vol. 3 (6), pp.120-124.

[7]. Kvetch K and Tull R (1998). Low cost adsorbent for removal of fluoride in water.

[8]. Malay D. K and Salim, A. J (2011). “Comparative Study of Batch Adsorption of Fluoride Using Commercial and Natural Adsorbent”, Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, Vol. 1, pp.68-75.

[9]. Moges G, Zwege F, and Socher M (1976). “Preliminary investigation on the defluoridation of water using red clay chips”, African Earth Science (J), Vol.22(4), pp.479-482.

[10]. Parlikar A.S Mokashi (2013). “Defluoridation Of Water by Moringa Oleifera- A Natural Adsorbent”, International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology, Vol. 2, pp. 245-252.

i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering (JCE)

Current Issue Vol. 14 Issue 2

Most Read

Most Cited

Volume 4 Issue 4 September - November 2014

Strength and Durability Characteristics of Stabilized and Compressed Laterite Bricks

Shanmuka K.N* , Manjunath. K S**, Prahallada M.C.***

Shanmuka.K.N., Manjunath.K., and Prahallada.M.C. (2014). Strength and Durability Characteristics of Stabilized and Compressed Laterite Bricks. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 4(4), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.4.4.3084

Abstract

References

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Acid Resistance of High Volumes of Slag Concrete

Vijaya Gowri T * , P. Sravana**, P. Srinivas Rao***

Gowri,V.T., Sravana.P., and Rao,S.P. (2014). Acid Resistance of High Volumes of Slag Concrete. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 4(4), 7-17. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.4.4.3085

Abstract

References

Full Article (HTML)

Pdf

Explicit Equation for Settling Velocity of Particle

Manish Kumar* , Shri Ram**

* Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India. * Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India.

Kumar,M., and Shriram. (2014). Explicit Equation for Settling Velocity of Particle. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 4(4), 18-25. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.4.4.3086

Abstract

References

Full Article (HTML)

Pdf

Parametric Study of a Simply Supported Composite Plate Using Finite Element Method

P.Deepak Kumar* , Ishan Sharma**, P.R. Maiti***

Kumar,D.P., Sharma,I., and Maiti.P.R. (2014). Parametric Study of a Simply Supported Composite Plate Using Finite Element Method. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 4(4), 26-33. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.4.4.3087

Abstract

References

Full Article (HTML)

Pdf

Inexpensive Method of Fluoride Removal of Water Using Cost Effective Adsorbents

Gayathri.G* , Prahallada M.C.**

* Visiting Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering, Christ University Faculty of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. ** Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Christ University Faculty of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Gayathri.G., and Prahallada.M.C. (2014). Inexpensive Method of Fluoride Removal of Water Using Cost Effective Adsorbents . i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 4(4), 34-41. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.4.4.3088

Abstract

References

Full Article (HTML)

Pdf

Shanmuka K.N* , Manjunath. K S, Prahallada M.C.*

Vijaya Gowri T * , P. Sravana, P. Srinivas Rao*

* Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India.

* Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India.

P.Deepak Kumar* , Ishan Sharma, P.R. Maiti*

* Visiting Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering, Christ University Faculty of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

** Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Christ University Faculty of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.