Optimization-Driven Adaptive FIR Filter Identification Using LMS, Gradient Descent, and L-BFGS: A Comparative Performance Analysis

Kaki Ramya Sree*
Periodicity:July - December'2025

Abstract

In this paper we describe the comparative study of adaptive finite impulse response (FIR) filter identification through optimization of three typical algorithms: Least Mean Squares (LMS), batch Gradient Descent (GD), and Limited-memory Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (L-BFGS) methods. A standard simulation approach is introduced to evaluate convergence speed, estimation capability, frequency-response fidelity, and computation cost in the presence of the same signal, noise, and system conditions. The MSE-based identification problem is shaped in a convex quadratic space, which guarantees a stable evaluation of the first-order as well as quasi-Newton optimization principles. Results suggest that LMS has both low-complexity stochastic updates and the worst steady-state error, GD has smoother descent and higher accuracy through much optimization, and L-BFGS has faster convergence due to effective curvature approximation, whilst also having the most accurate coefficient and frequency-response reconstruction. These quantitative data show remarkable increases in SNR improvement and final MSE for L-BFGS in comparison to the prior mentioned methods. These results illustrate the applicability of quasi-Newton optimization for block-adaptive digital signal processing (DSP) processes with high accuracy, while illuminating the trade-offs associated with real-time and resource-constrained scenarios.

Keywords

Adaptive FIR filtering; LMS algorithm; Gradient Descent; L-BFGS; optimization methods; quasi-Newton algorithms; digital signal processing; computational efficiency

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