Advanced Design Applications of Polymers Developed for Additive Manufacturing

Tom Page*
*Senior Lecturer, Loughborough Design School, United Kingdom.
Periodicity:July - September'2017
DOI : https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.5.2.13654

Abstract

Imitating nature has inspired the development of self-healing polymers. This research examines how self-healing polymers can aid the design manufacture world by replacing the need for external joining methods, such as mechanical fixings, welding, or adhesives. The self-healing mechanism will be considered for being used as a joining mechanism of multiple parts in an assembly. The research will argue how imitating intrinsic healing in nature inspires the use of poly (urea urethane), which will produce a more innovative method of building prototypes. The significance of being able to build assembly models without fixings and joints would provide better use of materials and less distribution costs. Journals and published papers on the newly developing polymer materials, their biomimetic inspiration and possible suitable additive manufacturing methods shall be examined. The research will discuss the possibility of the further sustainable and economic development. Additional interviews with leaders, in the field of developing materials and additive manufacturing methods, will provide further insight to the proposal. The self-healing polymer will be assessed on which additive manufacturing method would prove to be suitable for the possibilities of printing. The research will gather available information of the developing material to assess the possibilities and show a full understanding of the proposed concept.

Keywords

Self-Healing Polymers, Additive Manufacturing, Laser Sintering, Fused Deposition Modelling, Poly (urea urethane)

How to Cite this Article?

Page, T. (2017). Advanced Design Applications of Polymers Developed for Additive Manufacturing. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 5(2), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.5.2.13654

References

[1]. Aïssa, B. et al. (2012). Self-Healing Materials Systems: Overview of Major Approaches and Recent Developed Technologies. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 1–17. Retrieved from http://www.hindawi. com/journals/amse/2012/854203/
[2]. Anitha, R., Arunachalam, S. & Radhakrishnan, P., (2001). Critical parameters influencing the quality of prototypes in fused deposition modelling. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 118, 385–388.
[3]. Arkema (2009). Figure 5: Poly(urea urethane) Self- Healing (Online). Retrieved from http://www.arkema.com/ en/media/news/news-details/Self-healing-elastomerenters- industrial-production/
[4]. Armillotta, A. et al. (2006). Assessment of surface quality on textured FDM prototypes. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 12(1), 35–41.
[5]. ASTM International, (2013). Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing - Coordinate Systems and Test. West Conshohocken, PA.
[6]. Balazs, A. C. (2007). Modeling self-healing materials. Materials Today, 10(9), 18–23. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(07)70205-5
[7]. Baumers, M., (2012). Economic Aspects of Additive Manufacturing: Benefits, Costs and Energy Consumption. (Published PhD thesis. Loughborough: Loughborough University).
[8]. Bhushan, B., (2009). Biomimetics: Lessons from nature-An overview. Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences, 367, 1445–1486.
[9]. BSI (2015). BSI Standards Publication Additive manufacturing–General principles Part 2: Overview of process categories and feedstock.
[10]. Carraher, C. (2000). Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction (Fifth Edition ed.). New York: Marcel Dekker.
[11]. Castle Island Co. (2011). Table 6: Additive Manufacture Methods for Polymers. In: The Most Important Commercial Rapid Prototyping Technologies at a Glance. Retrieved from: www.additive3d.com/rp_int1.htm
[12]. Cordier, P. et al. (2008). Self-healing and thermoreversible rubber from supramolecular assembly. Nature, 451 (7181), 977– 80. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18288191
[13]. Davidson, C. (2012). Investigating the suitability of laser sintered elastomers for running footwear applications. (Published PhD thesis. Loughborough: Loughborough Univesity).
[14]. Galantucci, L. M., Lavecchia, F. & Percoco, G. (2009). Experimental study aiming to enhance the surface finish of fused deposition modeled parts. CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, 58, 189–192.
[15]. Ghosh, S. K. (2008). Self-healing: Fundamentals, Design Strategies, and Applications. In: Ghosh, S. K. Ed. Selfhealing: Fundamentals, Design Strategies, and Applications. Weiheim: WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co
[16]. Gibson, I. & Shi, D. (1997). Material properties and fabrication parameters in selective laser sintering process. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 3(4), 129–136.
[17]. Hager, M. D. et al. (2010). Self-healing materials. Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.), 22(47), 5424–30. Retrieved from http: // www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20839257.
[18]. Hague, R., Campbell, I. & Dickens, P. (2003). Implications on design of rapid manufacturing. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 217, 25–30.
[19]. Hague, R., Mansour, S. & Saleh, N. (2007). Material and design considerations for rapid manufacturing. International Journal of Production Research, 42(22), 4691–4708.
[20]. Hopkinson, N. & Dickens, P. (2003). Analysis of rapid manufacturing-using layer manufacturing processes for production. Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, 217, pp. 31–39. Retrieved from http://pic.sagepub.com/ content/217/1/31.short
[21]. Hopkinson, N., Hague, R. J. M. & Dickens, P. M. (2006). Emerging Rapid Manufacturing Processes. In: Hopkinson, N., Dickens, P. M. Ed., Rapid Manufacturing- An Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age, Ch. 5. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
[22]. Kessler, M. R. (2007). Self-healing: A new paradigm in materials design. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 221, pp.479–495. Retrieved from http://www.emich.edu/public/coatings_research/smartco atings/related_articles/NewParadigm.pdf
[23]. Konrad, W. et al. (2013). An analytic model of the selfsealing mechanism of the succulent plant Delosperma cooperi. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 336, 96–109. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.
[24]. Kruth, J. et al. (2007). Consolidation phenomena in laser and powder-bed based layered manufacturing. CIRP Annals Manufacturing Technology, 56(1), 730–759.
[25]. Kruth, J.P., Leu, M.C. & Nakagawa, T. (1998). Progress in Additive Manufacturing and Rapid Prototyping. CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, 47(2), 525–540.
[26]. Kruth, J.P. et al. (2003). Lasers and materials in selective laser sintering. Assembly Automation, 23(4), 357–371.
[27]. Martín, R. et al. (2012). Room temperature selfhealing power of silicone elastomers having silver nanoparticles as crosslinkers. Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England), 48(66), 8255–7. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22543710
[28]. Masood, S. H. & Song, W. Q. (2004). Development of new metal/polymer materials for rapid tooling using Fused deposition modelling. Materials and Design, 25, 587–594.
[29]. Maxwell, D. & van der Vorst, R. (2003a). Developing sustainable products and services. Journal of Cleaner Production, 11(8), 883–895.
[30]. Maxwell, D. & van der Vorst, R. (2003b). Figure 10: Product Life Cycle Stages. In: Developing sustainable products and services. Journal of Cleaner Production, 11(8), 885.
[31]. Mognol, P. et al. (2012). Rapid prototyping: Energy and environment in the spotlight. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 12(1), 26–34.
[32]. Mynar, J. L. & Aida, T. (2008). The gift of healing. Nature, 451, 895–896.
[33]. Nosonovsky, M. & Bhushan, B. (2010). Surface selforganization: From wear to self-healing in biological and technical surfaces. Applied Surface Science, 256, 3982–3987.
[34]. Pandey, P. M. Reddy, N. V. & Dhande, S. G. (2003). Real time adaptive slicing for fused deposition modelling. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 43, 61–71.
[35]. Rampf, M. et al. (2011). Self-repairing membranes for inflatable structures inspired by a rapid wound sealing process of climbing plants. Journal of Bionic Engineering, 8(3), 242–250. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/S1672-6529(11)60028-0. [Accessed February 7, 2015]
[36]. Reeves, P. Tuck, C. & Hague, R. (2008). Rapid Manufacturing and a low carbon footprint. TCT Magazine, 16(4), 45–50.
[37]. Rekondo, A. et al. (2014). Catalyst-free roomtemperature self-healing elastomers based on aromatic disulfide metathesis. Materials Horizons, 1(2), p.237. Retrieved from http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c3mh00061c [Accessed November 27, 2014].
[38]. Ruffo, M., Tuck, C. & Hague, R. (2006). Cost estimation for rapid manufacturing - laser sintering production for low to medium volumes. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 220(9), 1417–1427. Retrieved from http: //pib. sagepub.com / lookup / doi / 10.1243/09544054JEM517.
[39]. Sangadji, S. & Schlangen, E. (2013). Mimicking bone healing process to self repair concrete structure novel approach using porous network concrete. Procedia Engineering, 54, 315–326. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.03.029.
[40]. Syrett, J. A., Becer, C. R. & Haddleton, D. M. (2010). Self-healing and self-mendable polymers. Polymer Chemistry, 1(7), 978. Retrieved from http://xlink.rsc.org/? DOI= c0py00104j [Accessed March 17, 2015].
[41]. Thompson, R., (2007a). Table 3: Thermal Joining Methods | Welding | Mechanical. In: Manufacturing Processes for Design Professionals. London: Thames & Hudson pp.282-321.
[42]. Thompson, R. (2007b). Table 4: Thermal Joining Methods | Welding | Thermal. In: Manufacturing Processes for Design Professionals. London: Thames & Hudson, 282- 321.
[43]. Thompson, R. (2007c). Table 5: Thermal Joining Methods | Welding | Thermal. In: Manufacturing Processes for Design Professionals. London: Thames & Hudson, 282- 321.
[44]. Trask, R. S., Williams, H. R. & Bond, I. P. (2007). Selfhealing polymer composites: Mimicking nature to enhance performance. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 2, P1–P9.
[45]. Vasquez, M. (2012). Analysis and Development of New Materials for Polymer Laser Sintering. Loughborough University.
[46]. Wengraf, T. (2001). Interview 'Facts' as Evidence to Support Inferences to Eventual Theorization/Representation Models. In: Qualititive Research Interviewing, London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
[47]. Westerman, R. W. & Scammell, B. E. (2012a). Principles of bone and joint injuries and their healing. Surgery, 30(1), 7- 14. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur. 2014.10.011. [Accessed January 14, 2014].
[48]. Westerman, R. W. & Scammell, B. E. (2012b). Figure 1: Fracture healing. In: Principles of bone and joint injuries and their healing. Surgery, 30(1), 9. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2014.10.011.[Accessed December 14, 2014].
[49]. Wohlers, T. (2011). Wohlers Report 2011 State of the Industry. Fort Collins.
[50]. Wong, K. V. & Hernandez, A. (2012). A Review of Additive Manufacturing. ISRN Mechanical Engineering, 2012, 1–10.
[51]. Wool, R. P. (2008). Self-healing materials: A review. Soft Matter, 4, 400.
[52]. Youngblood, J. P. & Sottos, N. R. (2008a). Bioinspired Materials for Self-Cleaning and Self-Healing. MRS Bulletin, 33(August), 732–741.
[53]. Youngblood, J. P. & Sottos, N. R. (2008b). Figure 2: Microvascular System Image. In: Bioinspired Materials for Self-Cleaning and Self-Healing. MRS Bulletin, 33(August), 736.
[54]. Youngblood, J. P. & Sottos, N. R. (2008c). Figure 3: Microcapsule Embedment Image. In: Bioinspired Materials for Self-Cleaning and Self-Healing. MRS Bulletin, 33(August), 736.
[55]. Youngblood, J. P. & Sottos, N. R. (2008d). Figure 2: Hollow Fibre Embedment Image. In: Bioinspired Materials for Self-Cleaning and Self-Healing. MRS Bulletin, 33(August), 736.
[56]. Yuan, C. Rong, M. Z. & Zhang, M. Q. (2014). Selfhealing polyurethane elastomer with thermally reversible alkoxyamines as crosslinkages. Polymer, 55(7), 1782–1791. Retrieved from http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/ S0032386114001359
[57]. Yuan, Y. C. (2008). Self healing in polymers and polymer composites. Concepts, realization and outlook: A review. Express Polymer Letters, 2(4), 238–250. Retrieved from http://www.expresspolymlett.com/articles/EPL- 0000602_article.pdf
[58]. Ziegelmeier, S. et al. (2015). An experimental study into the effects of bulk and flow behaviour of laser sintering polymer powders on resulting part properties. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 215, 239–250. Retrieved from http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924013 61400288X
If you have access to this article please login to view the article or kindly login to purchase the article

Purchase Instant Access

Single Article

North Americas,UK,
Middle East,Europe
India Rest of world
USD EUR INR USD-ROW
Online 15 15

Options for accessing this content:
  • If you would like institutional access to this content, please recommend the title to your librarian.
    Library Recommendation Form
  • If you already have i-manager's user account: Login above and proceed to purchase the article.
  • New Users: Please register, then proceed to purchase the article.