Factors Affecting E-Government Adoption by Citizens in Libya: a Conceptual Framework

Mansaf M. Elmansori *  Halinah Atan **  Asbi Ali ***
*-*** School of Graduate Studies, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia.

Abstract

The paper presents the conceptual framework for the factors influencing adoption of e-government. By conducting review, it is revealed that there are few footsteps found on the citizen's perspective about the government to citizen's relations. Therefore; researchers focused upon the scenario of government to citizen services. Moreover, the paper contains the theoretical framework of the study that includes the TAM model which is mostly suitable and renowned for the assessment of technology. The study also focused upon the models, such as TAM and TOE along with the trust to be used in the study. Later the study provided a new conceptual framework and developed five construct for the study which is the extended form of TAM. These constructs are usefulness, ease of use, IT knowledge, technology factors, trust and behavioral intentions.

Keywords :

Introduction

E-government is known as the electronic government that interacts with the citizens and provides them electronic services. It is evident that E-government services are highly beneficial for the government and for the citizens as well that has brought the citizen closer to the government (Bélanger and Carter, 2012). The benefit of Egovernment has been enhanced, such as; transparency, accountability, cost effectiveness, high service quality, and more closeness of the citizens with the government (Kurfali et al., 2017). E-government is the innovation of bringing the technology and service with a combination and making citizens satisfied and content with their related issues that has increased the trust and confidence on the government; along with this government efficiency and handling the issues through online become easy for the citizens to get resolved within no time (Bélanger and Carter, 2012) . The concept of E-government is to interact with the citizen directly without asking them to visit offices and wait for their turn to discuss their issues or problems, but this has become effective for them in order to use the internet as a way of communication with the government (Osman et al., 2014).

Literature regarding E-government lacks understanding about the citizen's association with the E-government. Researchers have included different factors that are extracted from the models like; TOE and TAM or they are focusing upon those factors that affect the individual of the organization or the overall businesses (Kamal et al., 2014). There are number of studies that focus upon the issues of cultures in the country ( Khalil, 2011; Zhao et al., 2014; Kamal et al., 2014). Trust feature is the major features that are not being researched, but some researchers has recommended for the future researcher to include in their research area (Shajari and Ismail, 2011).

It is a fact that E-government is operational and fully successful in both developed and developing countries (UN, 2014). It is the government initiative to indulge citizen in their services and increase their participation in E-government (Lian, 2015) and making the common man life easy by paying their taxes, manuals, tax returns and other services ( Janssen et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2011; Osman et al., 2014). There are many citizens that are highly concerned about the trust, security, data misuse, and other features that restrict their confidence towards Egovernment ( Ranaweera, 2016; Dong et al., 2011; Ahmed et al., 2013; Alateyah et al., 2014).

Researchers have limited scope in their study regarding the E-government technology where they have included only TAM construct that are ease of use and ease of usefulness (Belanche et al., 2012) or they are using UTAUT that includes effort, performance, social pressure, and facilitating conditions (Ahmed et al., 2013). There are different studies that also include the usefulness and use of use issues as well ( Kamal et al., 2014); (Alateyah et al., 2014) and the perspective of the organization to adopt the technology ( Cegarra-Navarro et al., 2012; Arendsen et al., 2014). There are several researches available that advocates the technical feature that pressurized the social feature to accept the new technological change ( Kamal et al., 2013; Sun et al., 2015). It is being argued that TAM is not including the trust and security of the system (Alharbi et al., 2014).

1. Overview of E-government Services in Libya

In Libya; government started to pay attention towards the electronic service back in 2002. The decision makers have developed the project into five different sections (Ahmed et al., 2013).

These steps were taken in order to initiate the development of technological web based services to the citizens. Till 2005, Libya was not able to develop the website for their citizens (Shahahti and Dwivedi, 2012). After 2005; government has launched the web portal for the citizen and it became operational. It includes the laws, regulations and policies for good governance. In the initial phase the services were only the description which consists upon the information rather than taking actions. Till 2012; Libya's government were not able to fully utilize their potential of providing the services through electronic portal such as electronic businesses laws and even the digital signs of the government. After two years which means in 2014; Libya was rank 121 from 193 countries that do not have subsequent web portal in the world. As far as the citizen acceptance is concerned they were ranked as 179 from 193 countries in the world. In the current scenario; Libyan ministers are having online access and they are in pursue of resolving the issues of the citizens about seventy percent. Therefore, it is suggested that Libya's government is required to improve the current position of their electronic government services adequately (Ahmed et al., 2013).

2. Theoretical Framework

2.1 TAM

In previous researches; there are different models being developed by the researchers which advocates or highlight different factors that are affecting the acceptance of technology in their system ( Davis, 1989; Chau, 1996 Venkatesh and Davis, 2000). Therefore, mostly used model is TAM, which is the most important model in the study which develops understanding about the technology acceptance and citizens' attitude towards the technology. This model helps the researcher to undertake those elements that are having impact upon the internal believe behavior and intentions of the citizens (Marchweka and Kostiwa, 2007). In the case of TAM; it is predetermined that ease of use and technology usefulness is the main feature for the citizens to adopt or accept the technology whether it is from the government part or the business counterpart (Marchweka and Kostiwa, 2007) . TAM model is associated with the trust of the citizen if they are having confidence on the technology then it is likely possible that they will accept the electronic government services otherwise it will be difficult for government to encourage them to avail the online services adequately in Saudi Arabia (Weerakkody et al., 2013) . Researches conducted in Kuwait, China, and Qatar; used the TAM model in order to investigate the factors that are influencing upon the acceptance of the electronic government services so, the findings of the study suggest that TAM model enable them to use it for the development of electronic government services accordingly ( Al-Shafi and Weerakkody, 2010; Al Awadhi and Morris, 2008; Zhan et al., 2011)).

2.2 TOE

TOE is being adopted by different researchers in developing their models for the acceptance of technology. It also involves in the compatibility, complex and other concern regarding the security ( Lian et al., 2014; Alkhater et al., 2014; Sulaiman and Magaireah, 2014) individual data privacy ( Alkhater et al., 2014; Sulaiman and Magaireah, 2014) and conducive environment (Lian, 2015).

Acceptance of the technology is dependent upon the internalculture ofthe organization and its communication style along with this it includes the organization resources and adoptability to accept the innovation (Dedrick and West, 2003). There are other factors that are the part of the TOE; that are financial capability, organizational hierarchy, organizational weaknesses, change adoptability, effectiveness, support, quality, capability of human resource, capable labor, experts, and organization responsive to accept the technology ( Musawa and Wahab, 2012; Hossain and Quaddus, 2011; Jang, 2010 ; Raymong and Uwizeyemungu, 2007).

Organization environment is the third feature in the model; it focuses upon the activities of the business that are being influenced by the external factors such as government and laws (Salwani et al., 2009). It also includes the features, such as competitors, interaction with the suppliers and buyers, and the business life cycle (Gangwar, Date, and Raoot, 2014). In the case of environment there are different factors that are rivalry pressure, market pressure, organizational pressure, partner's pressure, market uncertainty, and others ( Hossain and Quaddus, 2011; Wang et al., 2010; Gangwar et al., 2014). These factors represent the variable of the influence of the technology. TOE model is being criticized by different researchers in the past. It is being argued that model does not represent the complete framework of the study that inculcates the theoretical aspect of the study and do not represent the true situation of the analysis (Dedrick and West, 2003). It is also considered that the model is not adequate because they are having lack of variable that can represent the research problem of the study (Low et al., 2011). TOE scope is limited to explain the acceptance of the technology therefore; it did not fulfill the purpose of the researcher (Musawa and Wahab, 2012) . It is evident that the model is highly unclear to adopt for the analysis of acceptance of the technology (Wang et al., 2012).

This model is also a part of the study, but researcher has included it with the context of the study rather than including those factors that are irrelevant and do not give right data for the study. These factors that are the part of the study; technology, environment and human along with the organization (Lian et al., 2014).

Both TAM and TOE include the ease of use and usefulness of the individual in accepting the technology services ( Gangwar et al., 2015; Awa, Ojiabo, and Emecheta, 2015). In the other studies; researcher has linked the employees and knowledge with the managerial approach of the company (Picoto et al., 2013). Social pressure is being considered as the individual perception (Lian, 2015). Figure 1 shows the first TOE model by Tornatzky and Fleischer (1990).

Figure 1. TOE Model by Tornatzky and Fleischer (1990)

2.3 Trustworthiness

Trust is the main cause for the citizen to adopt or accept the electronic government services. Trustworthiness can be defined as the individual perception about the technological features and its related services that are credible and reliable adequately (Belanger, Hiller, and Smith, 2002) . It is necessary that the use should have the confidence on the government as well as the technology (Belanger et al., 2002). It is evident that user disliking the technology is the trust and its confidence on the technology to share its information and financial details (Horst, Kuttschreuter, and Gutteling, 2007). Trust is the basic feature in making the electronic services successful (Chee-Wee, Pan, and Lim, 2005). Government trust is being represented that the users are having enough confidence on the service provider to avail the services without thinking (Carter and Bélanger, 2005). It is necessary that the citizen should have trust and confidence on the government so they will be able to use the services through online as well. In the developed countries people are having the perception that electronic services can resolve their issues and having easy access, but they are highly concerned over the sharing of personal information that they have to share on the internet (Shajari and Ismail, 2012). Trust on government and trust on technology is the main feature for the researcher and part of the study that is being included in the current study of the research.

3. Existing Models

It is evident that the large number of researcher suggests that the best solution for the research problem is that to review the literature in detail (Fraenkel and Wallen, 2009). Therefore, researcher has collected the different literature about the acceptance and use of electronic service.

In the earlier studies; it is being suggested that the TAM was the model that are being selected in order to consider the acceptance of the electronic government by the citizens and individuals. In a survey eleven models are having TAM induction out of twenty-three models. Different researchers have taken different perspective about the model and use different factors, such as; trust, risk, observation, and others (Horst et al., 2007).

In the developing countries electronic services are having limited scope that restrict the government efforts and citizens at a distance with each other and TAM can develop the understanding that can facilitate the root cause of having this distance among the both parties (Lin et al., 2011).

TAM is the widely used model that is being used to conduct the study which includes the usefulness, ease of use, trust on internet, trust on government, social pressure, service quality, and others (Shajari and Ismail, 2011). In Iran; Interview with the five professional of information technology managers has been focused upon usefulness, ease of use, quality and importance factors that are trust, ease of use, and job relevancy. The results showed that trust on technology and trust on government is the most important feature to investigate the acceptance of the technology. In India; study was based upon the mobile government usage by the citizens (Shareef et al., 2012). The study includes the ease of use, usefulness, potential advantage, trust, technology reliability, credibility, and security. Questionnaire was the data collection tool that suggests mobile government use is based upon the ease of use, security, potential benefits and reliability of the technology. In Jordan; a research conducted the exploratory study and found the data that suggests in accepting the electronic services that includes; trust on government, trust on technology, usefulness, access of the technology, which are the main features of the findings (Alomari et al., 2009). According to the Alateyah et al., (2014) the TAM model include additional factors, such as; security, trust, risk, privacy in order to analyze those factors that can impact upon the electronic government adoptability by the users. The results of the study suggested that ease of use, usefulness, security, privacy and environment are the important feature in influencing the electronic government services.

Some other studies use the UTAUT along with the TAM model. In the UTAUT model researcher has included the four variables in order to analyze the adoption of the electronic government services (Zhan et al., 2011). However, the literature suggests that UTAUT and TAM are not merely authentic to investigate the acceptance of the electronic services and there are other factors also involved, such as; quality, advantages of using the online services, trust, behavior and decisions.

Previous studies have incorporated the model of TAM which mainly includes the factor of ease of use and usefulness. In addition, deployed the model of UTAUT which includes factors those are; effort expectation, performance expectation, social pressure, conducive environment, trust on government and internet, technology, advantage and reliability factors. It is considered in the study that performance expectation has no difference in comparison with the usefulness of the technology in the model of TAM and have benefits in DOI ( Venkatesh et al., 2012; Venkatesh et al., 2003). Effort expectancy and ease of use is the same feature in the model of TAM and complicated in the DOI (Min, Ji and Qu, 2008) . Along with this social pressure are considered as the norms of the society in TRA (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980) and TPB (Ajzen, 1991). Conducive environment behaves like to control the attitude of the individual in TPB (Venkatesh et al., 2012). It is evident that new construct can be developed with the help of different variables, such as ease of use, usefulness, and information technology knowledge. The other construct can be technology factors that can be further divided into conducive environment, security and privacy; in last the third construct can be trust on technology and government. This way of combining the construct with each other are agreed by the researcher that has used the TAM and UTAUT models variables combined to conduct the study (Venkatesh et al., 2003). As far as the individual factors are concerned; information technology knowledge plays an important role in Libya to accept the electronic government in order to enhance the TAM model for the study ( Ahmed et al., 2013; Hossain and Quaddus, 2011; Wen and Chen, 2010; Jang, 2010; Gangwar, Date, and Raoot, 2014). TAM is highly accepted model that will enable the researcher to discuss the acceptance and use variation of the electronic government services Mathur and Dhulla, 2014; Chang et al., 2015). TAM majorly used to investigate the individual behavior towards the adaptation of the technology (Davis et al., 1989).

4. Conceptual Framework and Hypotheses

Conceptual framework is based upon the literature and highlighting the factors that can impact upon the decision of adopting the electronic services in Libya. This conceptual framework includes the dependent and independent variables for the study.

Figure 2 presents the conceptual framework of this study. The figure presents the independent variables of the study along with the dependent variable.

Figure 2. Conceptual Framework of the Study

4.1 Use Behavior and Behavioral Intention

It is argued that the behavioral intention is considered as the motivational feature for the individual that mold the behavior of the individual. If a citizen consider that electronic services are beneficial then it is likely possible that the individual would be having the behavior intention to use the system (Ajzen, 1991).

It is evident that behavioral intention is being associated with the other renowned models for the study. It is argued by the researchers and included the behavioral intention as the positive impact that enable an individual to use the system (Davis et al., 1989). It is considered that there is a direct relationship between the factors, such as behavioral intention and use behavior of the individual (Venkatesh et al., 2003). The behavior intention of the individual is having impact upon the use behavior that encourages using the technology (Ajzen, 1991). It is also suggested that the intention of the behavior develops the use behavior in the individual (Al-Shafi and Weerakkod, 2010).

4.2 Individual Factors

The combination of TAM and TOE highlight the factors, such as; ease of use, usefulness is considered as the individual factors ( Gangwar et al., 2015; Awa, Ojiabo, and Emecheta, 2015). It is suggested that the factors that are the part of the study should be in group that will help the researcher to investigate about the acceptance of the electronic services of the government (Wang et al., 2015). There are three factors, such as ease of use, information technology awareness, and usefulness.

4.3 Perceived Usefulness

It is evident from the previous studies that the ease of use is the biggest informer towards accepting the individual behavior of using the technology (Alawadhi and Morris, 2008). Many researchers are agreed on the fact that the usefulness is the basic instinct in the individual behavior that help them to use or accept the system for the services ( Al-Shafi and Weerakkody, 2010; Shareef et al., 2011; Weerakkody et al., 2013). The TAM model biggest strength is the usefulness of the system. Performance expectancy is the predictor that analyzes the individual intention towards attaining the new system or online services that are being initiated by the government (Gupta et al., 2008). Different researchers have shared the same expectation from the performance expectancy that it brings the individual intention towards the technology and encourage using it in order to get electronic satisfaction considerably (Schaupp et al., 2010).

Performance expectancy directly impact upon the use of the electronic government services (Voutinioti, 2013). Different researchers, such as Zhan et al. (2011) conduct research in China; Taiwo et al. (2012) conduct research in Malaysia, and Ahmed et al. (2013) conducted research in Pakistan and the results for these studies suggested that usefulness of the technology or services directly and having relationship with the behavior of the individual.

4.4 Ease of Use

It is evident that ease of use is the most influential feature on the behavior of the citizens to use the electronic government services (Ahmed et al., 2013). Among the citizens of Saudi Arabia performance expectancy and adoption of electronic government services are highly positive (Weerakkody et al., 2013). In Pakistan; there is the direct linkage between the ease of use on the individual behavior for using the electronic services (Ahmed et al., 2013).

In the other studies, researchers that tested the relation between the performance expectancy and ease of use in order to accept the electronic government services. Ease of use of the system predicts about the individual behavior that they will be attracted and easily accepts the technological change (Voutinioti, 2013). In China a study was conducted to check the ease of use is directly link with the behavior intention to use the services, but it is clearly evident from the study that there is no significance in between them and rejects the hypothesis (Taiwo et al., 2012). It is obvious that every individual has some concern of adopting or using the new technology because of lack of knowledge and expertise. It is a general perception in Libya that citizens of the country will be able to accept the new technology and service easily. Therefore, it is suggested that the effort expectancy can play an important role in accepting the online services of the government.

4.5 IT Knowledge

It is considered as the capability of an individual that can use the technology and having expert skills to use the internet so with this perspective individual will be able to use the government application through online features (Rasouli et al., 2011). Therefore, it is concluded that the information technology can predict the intentions of the citizens in the country of Iran. In Libya; it is being observed that organization, people and employees of the organizations are having limited scope and information about the electronic government services (Ahmed et al., 2013). Therefore; it has become a challenging aspect for the government of Libya and they are required to provide adequate knowledge and capability to their employees and citizen to ensure that the services should become successful in the country. Lack of technology knowledge among the employees and government officials lead towards unawareness about the services that the government is offering to them (Khasawneh et al., 2011).

It is suggested that information technology knowledge should be the part of TAM model that will increase the efficiency and power of the model ( Hossain and Quaddus, 2011; Wen and Chen, 2010; Jang, 2010; Oliveira and Martins, 2010; Wang et al., 2010). Therefore, researcher has made the part of the model the factor of IT knowledge and the important aspect in the study to investigate the acceptance of the electronic government services. It is a perception that highly knowledge of information technology will enable them to accept or adopt the electronic government services in Libya. It is evident that educated individuals of the country are more intended towards acquiring the knowledge and use the new technology adequately which will increase the behavioral intention towards accepting the electronic services of the government.

4.6 Technological Factors

Researchers have used the TOE model, but they have changed the model according to their requirement and included different construct in order to develop a new framework for the future researchers ( Lian et al., 2014; Picoto et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2008). Privacy and security are the major construct of the technological features ( Lian et al., 2014; Alkhater et al., 2014; Sulaiman and Magaireah, 2014). Facilitating environment was not the part of the prior researches, but in this study researcher is using the security, privacy and facilitating environment as the conceptual framework of technology (Lian, 2015).

4.7 Facilitating Conditions

The facilitating environment in this study is being considered as the technology infrastructure that urges the citizens to use the online services of the government frequently (Venkatesh et al., 2003). In the different researches; it is suggested that the facilitating conditions are directly linked with the intention of the individual ( Lian,2015; Ahmed et al., 2013).

In Libya; government are facing the issue of poor infrastructure and lack of internet availability has reduced the chances of successful implementation of the electronic government services in the country. Therefore, it is important to provide adequate resource in order to enhance the chances of success and implementing those models that are beneficial for the country and for the citizens as well.

4.8 Security

Security in the technology is being considered as the individual should be sharing the information that will be confidential and other cannot access it without permission; similarly, in the case of electronic government services citizens are sharing their personal information that should not be misused by the other parties (Alawneh et al., 2013). For the citizen security is associated with the online sharing of information and it is the biggest issue in accepting the electronic government services( Colesca, 2007; Lian, 2015). Large number of studies is being conducted on the factor of security where citizens are highly vulnerable to accept the new technology and having fear to use it frequently (Shareef et al., 2011). Researcher has taken security as the factor in order to use it in the TAM model. Many researchers have reservation on using the security as a factor not including the TAM model ( Wu, 2010, 2011; Cao et al., 2013). Security is being the part of the study because Libya's citizens are having fear and concern on this factor therefore, it become the hurdle for them to accept the electronic services in Libya.

4.9 Privacy

It is considered as the leak of information from one source to another without prior information or permission (Akturan and Tezcan, 2012). In the current scenario; privacy is the major feature for the people because they are having concern over the leak of information from the system (Lee, 2009). Privacy should be having priority that should be maintained at any cost for the satisfaction of the citizens. The system becomes significant when the data and people are involved in using the system adequately.

Therefore, it is necessary for the government to ensure that people should not be having any threat or fear from the system and privacy should be offered on priority (Alghamdi and Beloff, 2014).

4.10 Trust

Trust is the conditional feeling of belief on the other which cannot be gained through offers or any other attraction. It is the internal feeling of an individual on the organization, government, or employees. UTAUT model does not consider the trust as a factor which is being criticized by the different researchers ( Alghamdi and Beloff, 2014; Wu, 2010, 2011; Cao et al., 2013). In the table the data is showing that trust is the most important factor for the users or citizens to adopt or accept the electronic services. In the current research; trust is the part in the form of government and internet.

4.11 Trust in Government

It is considered as the confidence on the government and their services that people are feeling that government is meeting their desired and resolving their issues (McKnight et al., 2002). Trust on the government enables the citizens to adopt the new technology or ways that the government of the country is offering to them. Trust on the government is the citizen's confidence and understanding that they are meeting the standard of the people of the country. In the USA; study suggests that it is insignificant to focus upon trust on government in adopting the electronic services (Carter, 2008). In Saudi Arabia (Weerakkody et al., 2013) and in Jordan (Alomari et al., 2009) conducted the study that suggested there is a positive linkage between the trust on government with the acceptance of electronic services. In China; Trust on government involves with the sub variables that are considered as integrity and benevolence; these variables are having indirect impact upon the trust on government in accepting the Mobile government (Liu et al., 2014). Trust on government is directly linked with the behavior of the individual that will impact upon the acceptance of the electronic services by the citizens (Ozkan and Kanat, 2011).

Libya is facing different challenges, such as; security, corruption, political instability, economic downturn; these elements create mistrust upon the government and creating uncertainty among the society that restricts them to adopt the electronic services in the country.

4.12 Trust in Internet

Trust in internet is considered as the safe transaction and control over the data that is being given to the government regarding the citizen that cannot be misused by the other parties (McKnight et al., 2002). There are number of studies that focus upon the trust on internet and urge the citizens to adopt the new technology (Weerakkody et al., 2013). When the two parties are interacting with each other then it is likely possible that both parties are highly concerned that it uses to be safe and sound as far as technology is concerned. Trust enables the relationship among the government and citizens therefore; it will enable them to accept the electronic services of the government (Carter and Weerakkody, 2008) . Citizens should develop their trust on the internet then it will be possible for the government to purse them for the electronic services in future (Carter and Weerakkody, 2008) .

Trust on internet determines the citizen's behavior towards the acceptance of the electronic services ( Shajari and Ismail, 2011; Alomari et al., 2009; Taiwo et al., 2012; Weerakkody et al., 2013). In Saudi Arabia study was conducted that was based upon testing the trust on internet in using the electronic services of the government (Alateyah et al., 2014). The results suggest that trust on internet is the main determinant to focus upon the individual behavior and their intentions. In the case of Libya; internet is not much available in the country therefore, people are not using it frequently along with this they are having fear that if they make the financial transaction through internet so there are many cyber criminals who can hack or theft their information which will be risky for them to continue their trust on the internet. Therefore; researcher has included the trust on internet in the study and it will be a construct for the researcher to conduct the study of acceptance of electronic service in Libya.

Based on the above discussion on the conceptual framework the study posits the following hypotheses:

Hypothesis 1 is related to the effect of behavioral intention on the use behavior of e-government services by citizens.

H1: Behavioral Intention has positive effect on use behavior of E-government services in Libya.

Hypotheses 2a, 2b, and 2c are related to the effect of individual factors on the behavioral intention to use Egovernment services. The hypotheses related to the dimensions of the construct individual factors.

H2a: Perceived usefulness has positive effect on behavioral intention to use E-government services.

H2b: Perceived ease of use has positive effect on behavioral intention to use E-government services.

H2c: IT knowledge of citizens has positive effect on behavioral intention to use E-government services.

Hypotheses 3a and 3b are related to the effect of the construct trust on use behavior. These two hypotheses are.

H3a: Trust in government has positive effect on use behaviour of E-government services.

H3b: Trust in Internet has positive effect on use behaviour of E-government services.

Hypotheses 4a, 4b, and 4c are related to the effect of technological factors on behavioral intention to use Egovernment. These hypotheses are.

H4a: Facilitating condition has positive effect on behavioral intention to use E-government services.

H4b: High security has positive effect on behavioral intention to use E-government services.

H4c: High privacy has positive effect on behavioral intention to use E-government services.

Conclusion

The paper presents the conceptual framework for the factors influencing adoption of e-government. It includes the definition, challenges, benefits, types and other necessary terms that are being discussed with the theory of the researcher on the electronic government services in Libya. By conducting review, it is revealed that there are few footsteps found on the citizen's perspective about the government to citizen's relations. Therefore; researcher focused upon the scenario of government to citizen services. Moreover, the paper contains the theoretical framework of the study that include the TAM model which is mostly suitable and renowned for the assessment of technology. The study suggests that it is having 54% exploratory power then the other models, such as DOI, TRA, and TPB.

Researcher has included the TOE model in order to categorize the variables such as individual and technological features. It is being done on the basis of the literature. The study revolves around the citizens of the Libya so it is important to focus on the individual basis rather than group. So, it is also important to include the individual and technology factor in the study in order to analyze the acceptance of electronic government services adequately. Trust is also a part of the study because trust has not been studied before. The study also focused upon the models such as TAM and TOE along with the trust to be used in the study. Later the study provided a new conceptual framework and developed five construct for the study. These construct are usefulness, ease of use, IT knowledge, technology factors, trust and behavioral intentions. Hence the conceptual model is the extended form of existing Technology Acceptance Models.

References

[1]. Ahmed, A. M., Mehdi, Q. H., Moreton, R., & Elmaghraby, A. (2013). E-government ser vices challenges and opportunities for developing countries: The case of Libya. Second International Conference on Informatics and Applications (ICIA) (pp. 133-137). IEEE.
[2]. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
[3]. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
[4]. Akturan, U. & Tezcan, N. (2012). Mobile banking adoption of the youth market: Perceptions and intentions. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 30(4), 444-459.
[5]. Alateyah, S., Chang, V., & Wills, G. (2014). Citizen intention to adopt e-government services in Saudi Arabia. At Emerging Software as a Service and Analytics - ESaaSA (pp. 03-05).
[6]. AlAwadhi, S. & Morris, A. (2008, January). The use of the UTAUT Model in the Adoption of E-government Services in Kuwait. In Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Proceedings of the 41st Annual (p. 219). IEEE.
[7]. Alawneh, A., Al-Refai, H., & Batiha, K. (2013). Measuring user satisfaction from e-Government services: Lessons from Jordan. Government Information Quarterly, 30(3), 277-288.
[8]. Alghamdi, S. & Beloff, N. (2014, September). Towards a comprehensive model for e-Government adoption and utilisation analysis: The case of Saudi Arabia. Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS) (pp. 1217-1225). IEEE.
[9]. Alkhater, N., Walters, R., & Wills, G. (2014, November). An investigation of factors influencing an organization's intention to adopt cloud computing. In Information Society (i-Society), 2014 International Conference on (pp. 337-338). IEEE.
[10]. Alharbi, N., D. F. Treagust, A. Chandrasegaran, & M. Won. (2014). Influence of particle theory conceptions on pre-service science teachers' understanding of osmosis and diffusion. Journal of Biological Education, 38(14), 1- 14.
[11]. Alomari, M. K., Sandhu, K., & Woods, P. (2009, November). E-government adoption in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan: factors from social perspectives. International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions (ICITST) (pp. 1-7). IEEE.
[12]. Al-Shafi, S. & Weerakkody, V. (2010). Factors affecting e-government adoption in the state of Qatar. European and Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (EMCIS) (pp.1-23).
[13]. Arendsen, R., Peters, O., TerHedde, M., & Van Dijk, J. (2014). Does e-government reduce the administrative burden of businesses? An assessment of business-togovernment systems usage in the Netherlands. Government Information Quarterly, 31(1), 160-169.
[14]. Awa, H. O., Ojiabo, O. U., & Emecheta, B. C. (2015). Integrating TAM, TPB and TOE frameworks and expanding their characteristic constructs for e-commerce adoption by SMEs. Journal of Science & Technology Policy Management, 6(1), 76-94.
[15]. Belanche, D., Casaló, L. V., & Flavián, C. (2012). Integrating trust and personal values into the Technology Acceptance Model: The case of e-government services adoption. Cuadernos de Economía y Dirección de la Empresa, 15(4), 192-204.
[16]. Bélanger, F., Hiller, J. S., & Smith, W. J. (2002). Trustworthiness in electronic commerce: the role of privacy, security, and site attributes. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 11(3), 245-270.
[17]. Bélanger, F. & Carter, L. (2008). Trust and risk in egovernment adoption. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 17(2), 165-176.
[18]. Bélanger, F. & Carter, L. (2012). Digitizing Government Interactions with Constituents: An Historical Review of E-Government Research in Information Systems. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 13(5), 363-394.
[19]. Cao, Y., Bi, X., & Wang, L. (2013). A Study on user Adoption of Cloud Storage Service in China: A Revised Unified theory of Acceptance and use of Technology Model. In Information Science and Cloud Computing Companion (ISCC-C), 2013 International Conference on (pp. 287-293). IEEE.
[20]. Carter, L. (2008). E-government diffusion: A comparison of adoption constructs. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 2(3), 147-161.
[21]. Carter, L. & Weerakkody, V. (2008). E-government adoption: A cultural comparison. Information Systems Frontiers, 10(4), 473-482.
[22]. Carter, L. & Bélanger, F. (2005). The utilization of egovernment services: Citizen trust, innovation and acceptance factors. Information Systems Journal, 15(1), 5-25.
[23]. Cegarra-Navarro, J. G., Pachón, J. R. C., & Cegarra, J. L. M. (2012). E-government and citizen's engagement with local affairs through e-websites: The case of Spanish municipalities. International Journal of Information Management, 32(5), 469-478.
[24]. Chang, S. S., Lou, S. J., Cheng, S. R., & Lin, C. L. (2015). Exploration of usage behavioral model construction for university library electronic resources. The Electronic Library, 33(2), 292-307.
[25]. Chau, P. Y. K. (1996). An empirical assessment of a modified technology acceptance model. Journal of Management Information Systems, 13(2), 185–204.
[26]. Chee-Wee, T., Pan, S. L., & Lim, E. T. K. (2005, January). Towards the restoration of public trust in electronic governments: A case study of the e-filing system in Singapore. In System Sciences, 2005. HICSS'05. Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on (p. 126c). IEEE
[27]. Colesca, S. E. (2007). The main factors of on-line trust. Economia. Seria Management, 10(2), 27-37.
[28]. Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, P. R., & Warshaw P. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models, Management Science, (35) 982- 1003.
[29]. Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-339.
[30]. Dedrick, J. & West, J. (2003, December). Why firms adopt open source platforms: A grounded theory of innovation and standards adoption. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Standard Making: A Critical Research Frontier for Information Systems (pp. 236-257). Seattle, WA.
[31]. Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2009). How to design th and evaluate research in education (7th ed). New York. McGraw-hill.
[32]. Gangwar, H., Date, H., & Ramaswamy, R. (2015). Understanding determinants of cloud computing adoption using an integrated TAM-TOE model. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 28(1), 107-130.
[33]. Gangwar, H., Date, H., & Raoot, A. D. (2014). Review on IT adoption: Insights from recent technologies. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 27(4), 488-502.
[34]. Gupta, B., Dasgupta, S., & Gupta, A. (2008). Adoption of ICT in a government organization in a developing country: An empirical study. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 17(2), 140-154.
[35]. Horst, M., Kuttschreuter, M., & Gutteling, J. M. (2007). Perceived usefulness, personal experiences, risk perception and trust as determinants of adoption of egovernment services in The Netherlands. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(4), 1838-1852.
[36]. Hossain, M. & Quaddus, M. (2011). Adoption factors of RFID in a voluntary environment: An empirical investigation from Australian livestock industry. Marketing in the Age of Consumerism: Jekyll or Hyde (pp.28-30).
[37]. Jang, S. H. (2010). An empirical study on the factors influencing RFID adoption and implementation. Management Review: An International Journal, 5(2), 55- 73.
[38]. Janssen, M., Kuk, G., & Wagenaar, R. W. (2008). A survey of Web-based business models for e-government in the Netherlands. Government Information Quarterly, 25(2), 202-220.
[39]. Kamal, M. M., Bigdeli, A. Z., Themistocleous, M., & Morabito, V. (2015). Investigating factors influencing local government decision makers while adopting integration technologies (IntTech). Information & Management, 52(2), 135-150.
[40]. Kamal, M. M., Hackney, R., & Ali, M. (2013). Facilitating enterprise application integration adoption: An empirical analysis of UK local government authorities. International Journal of Information Management, 33(1), 61-75.
[41]. Khalil, O. E. (2011). e-Government readiness: Does national culture matter? Government Information Quarterly, 28(3), 388-399.
[42]. Khasawneh, S., Jalghoum, Y., Harfoushi, O., & Obiedat, R. (2011). E-Government Program in Jordan: From Inception to Future Plans. International Journal of Computer Science Issues (IJCSI), 8(4), 568-582.
[43]. Kurfali, M., Arifoğlu, A., Tokdemir, G., & Paçin, Y. (2017). Adoption of e-government services in Turkey. Computers in Human Behavior, 168-178.
[44]. Lee, J., Kim, H. J., & Ahn, M. J. (2011). The willingness of e-Government service adoption by business users: The role of offline service quality and trust in technology. Government Information Quarterly, 28(2), 222-230.
[45]. Lian, J. W., Yen, D. C., & Wang, Y. T. (2014). An exploratory study to understand the critical factors affecting the decision to adopt cloud computing in Taiwan hospital. International Journal of Information Management, 34(1), 28-36.
[46]. Lian, J. W. (2015). Critical factors for cloud based einvoice service adoption in Taiwan: An empirical study. International Journal of Information Management, 35(1), 98-109.
[47]. Lin, F., Fofanah, S. S., & Liang, D. (2011). Assessing citizen adoption of e-Government initiatives in Gambia: A validation of the technology acceptance model in information systems success. Government Information Quarterly, 28(2), 271-279.
[48]. Liu, Y., Li, H., Kostakos, V., Goncalves, J., Hosio, S., & Hu, F. (2014). An empirical investigation of mobile government adoption in rural China: A case study in Zhejiang province. Government Information Quarterly, 31(3), 432-442.
[49]. Liu, O. L., Lee, H. S., Hofstetter, C., & Linn, M. C. (2008). Assessing knowledge integration in science: Construct, measures, and evidence. Educational Assessment, 13(1), 33–55.
[50]. Marchewka, J. T. & Kostiwa, K. (2007). An Application of the UTAUT Model for understanding Student Perception using Course Management Software. Communication of the IIMA. 7(2), 93–104.
[51]. McKnight, D. H., Choudhury, V., & Kacmar, C. (2002). Developing and validating trust measures for ecommerce: An integrative typology. Information Systems Research, 13(3), 334-359.
[52]. Min, Q., Ji, S., & Qu, G. (2008). Mobile Commerce User Acceptance Study in China: A Revised UTAUT Model. Tsinghua Science & Technology, 13(3), 257-264.
[53]. Musawa, M. S. & Wahab, E. (2012). The adoption of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) technology by Nigerian SMEs: A conceptual framework. Journal of Business Management and Economics, 3(2), 055-068.
[54]. Oliveira, T. & Martins, M. F. (2011). Literature review of information technology adoption models at firm level. The Electronic Journal Information Systems Evaluation, 14(1), 110-121.
[55]. Osman, I. H., Anouze, A. L., Irani, Z., Al-Ayoubi, B., Lee, H., Balcı, A., Weerakkody, V. (2014). COBRA framework to evaluate e-government services: A citizen-centric perspective. Government Information Quarterly, 31(2), 243-256.
[56]. Ozkan, S. & Kanat, I. E. (2011). e-Government adoption model based on theory of planned behavior: Empirical validation. Government Information Quarterly, 28(4), 503-513.
[57]. Picoto, W. Crespo. N. & Kahn. F. (2013). Cloud Computing Usage and Organizational Mobility - An Empirical Assessment. MIS Quarterly, 21(1), 1-24.
[58]. Rasouli, R., Zabardast, Z., & Badashian, A. S. (2011). The Development of E-Government Services in Iran: A Comparison of Adoption Constructs. International Journal of Academic Research, 3(2), 681-687.
[59]. Ranaweera, H. M. B. P. (2016). Perspective of trust towards e-government initiatives in Sri Lanka. Springer Plus, 5(1), 22.
[60]. Raymond, L. & Uwizeyemungu, S. (2007). A Profile of ERP Adoption in Manufacturing SMEs. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 20(4), 487-502.
[61]. Salwani, M., Marthandan, G., Daud Norzaidi, M., & Choy Chong, S. (2009). E-commerce usage and business performance in the Malaysian tourism sector: empirical analysis. Information Management & Computer Security, 17(2), 166-185.
[62]. Schaupp, L. C., Carter, L., & McBride, M. E. (2010). Efile adoption: A study of US taxpayers' intentions. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(4), 636-644.
[63]. Shajari, M. & Ismail, Z. (2011). Key factors influencing the adoption of e-government in Iran. In Information and Computing (ICIC), 2011 Fourth International Conference on Information and Computing (pp. 457-460). IEEE.
[64]. Shajari, M. & Ismail, Z. (2012). Trustworthiness: A key factor for adoption models of e-government services in developing countries. In 2012 International Conference on Education and Management Innovation (IPEDR), Singapore, 30, 22-26.
[65]. Shahahti, S., & Dwivedi, A. (2012). Prospects for Progress: Increasing the efficiency of Libya's Egovernment through Knowledge Management. The International Libyan Conference on Electronic Government (pp.286-297). Tripoli–Libya.
[66]. Shareef, M. A., Archer, N., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2012). Examining Adoption Behavior of Mobile Government. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 53(2), 39-49.
[67]. Shareef, M. A., Kumar, V., Kumar, U., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2011). e-Government Adoption Model (GAM): Differing service maturity levels. Government Information Quarterly, 28(1), 17-35.
[68]. Sun, Ku, & Shih, (2015). An Implementation Framework for E-Government 2.0. Telematics and Informatics, 32(3), 504-520. (SSCI)
[69]. Sulaiman, H. & Magaireah, A. I. (2014). Factors affecting the adoption of integrated cloud based ehealth record in healthcare organizations: A case study of Jordan. In Information Technology and Multimedia (ICIMU), 2014 International Conference on (pp. 102-107). IEEE.
[70]. Taiwo, A. A., Mahmood, A. K., & Downe, A. G. (2012). User acceptance of e-Government: Integrating risk and trust dimensions with UTAUT model. International Conference on Computer & Information Science (ICCIS), (Vol. 1, pp. 109-113). IEEE.
[71]. Tornatzky, L. G., & Fleischer, M. (1990). Processes of technological innovation. Lexington Books.
[72]. Venkatesh, V., Chan, F. K., & Thong, J. Y. (2012). Designing e-government services: Key service attributes and citizens' preference structures. Journal of Operations Management, 30(1), 116-133.
[73]. Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), 425-478.
[74]. Venkatesh, V. & Davis, F. D. (2000). A Theoretical Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model: Four Longitudinal Field Studies. Management Science, 46, 186-204.
[75]. Voutinioti, A. (2013). Determinants of User Adoption of e-Government Services in Greece and the Role of Citizen Service Centres. Procedia Technology, 8, 238-244.
[76]. Wang, Y. M., Wang, Y. S., & Yang, Y. F. (2010). Understanding the determinants of RFID adoption in the manufacturing industry. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 77(5), 803-815.
[77]. Wang, R., Wang, S., Wu, T. Z. & Zhang, X. (2012).  Customers E-trust for Online Retailers: A Case in China. 8th International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security (pp. 573-577). IEEE.
[78]. Wang, Z., Sun, J., Zhang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2015). Understanding SaaS adoption from the perspective of organizational users: A tripod readiness model. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 254-264.
[79]. Wu, W. W. (2010). Mining significant factors affecting the adoption of SaaS using the rough set approach. Journal of Systems and Software, 84(3), 435-441.
[80]. Wu, W. W. (2011). Developing an explorative model for SaaS adoption. Expert Systems with Applications, 38 (12), 15057-15064.
[81]. Weerakkody, V., El-Haddadeh, R., Al-Sobhi, F., Shareef, M. A., Dwivedi, Y. K. (2013). Examining the influence of intermediaries in facilitating e-government adoption: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Information Management, 33(5), 716-725.
[82]. Wen, K. W. & Chen, Y. (2010). E-business value creation in small and medium enterprises: A US study using the TOE framework. International Journal of Electronic Business, 8(1), 80-100.
[83]. Zhan, Y., Wang, P., & Xia, S. (2011). Exploring the drivers for ICT adoption in government organization in China. Fourth International Conference on Business Intelligence and Financial Engineering (BIFE) (pp. 220- 223). IEEE.
[84]. Zhao, F., Shen, K. N., & Collier, A. (2014). Effects of national culture on e-government diffusion - A global study of 55 countries. Information & Management, 51(8), 1005-1016.