Scarcity of Energy and Waste-to-Energy (WTE) plant: A Review

0*, T.S. Sidhu**, S. B. S. Kalsi***
* Guru Nanak Dev University, Regional Campus, Jalandhar, Punjab, India.
** Shaheed Bhagat Singh College of Engg. & Tech., Ferozepur, Punjab, India.
*** Assistant professor, ACET, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
Periodicity:November - January'2011
DOI : https://doi.org/10.26634/jme.1.1.1211

Abstract

Today the developing countries like India and especially, its Punjab state, is passing through an acute shortage of power (electricity). The crisis is becoming more serious with every passing year. Presently, Punjab generates 6356MW of electricity, a little more than half the requirement of 12000MW of electricity. The state government of Punjab, emphasized the need to fully explore the potential of generation of energy by waste-to-energy (WTE) plants by the year 2020. But since the first WTE plant began to emerge in the mid 1960’s, the WTE plants operating worldwide are still running at low efficiency. The reason for less operating temperature of WTE plants is very rapid surface degradation of the boiler tubes of the plant due to the high temperature corrosion. It is found that the main reason of high rate of corrosion in WTE plants is due to the heterogeneous nature of the fuel and its variable chlorine content. Fuel of WTE plant usually contains alkali metals, heavy metals and various chlorine-containing compounds, all of which can form potential corrosive agents. This paper discusses the power shortage, the need of WTE plants especially in Punjab, fuel used in these plants and the factors which effects the efficiency of the WTE plants.  The prevailing methods of protection from high temperature corrosion are also described in this paper. This study will be helpful in reducing the corrosion and hence in increasing the efficiency of plants in future. Additional methods needed to explore and increase the efficiency of WTE plants are also summarized.

Keywords

WTE, Waste, Fuel, Efficiency.

How to Cite this Article?

Harminder Singh, T.S. Sidhu and S.B.S. Kalsi (2011). Scarcity Of Energy And Waste-To-Energy (WTE) Plant : A Review. i-manager’s Journal on Mechanical Engineering, 1(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.26634/jme.1.1.1211

References

[1]. Wei-Hsin Chen & Jenn-Chung Chen (2001). “Combustion characteristics and energy recovery of a small mass burn incinerator”, Heat Mass Transfer, 28 (3), 299-310.
[2]. http://www.tribuneindia.com, dated 28/10/2009.
[3]. Perez F. J. Nieto J. & Trilleros J. A. (2006). “Hot Corrosion Monitoring of Waste Incineration Corrosion Processes Using Electrochemical Techniques.”, Materials Science Forum, 522-523, 531-538.
[4]. Otero E. Pardo A. & Perez F.J. (1998). “Corrosion Behavior of 12CrMoV Steel in Waste Incineration Environments: Hot Corrosion by Molten Chlorides.”, Oxidation of Metals, 49 (5/6), 467-484.
[5]. Clarke M.J. (2002). “Introduction to Municipal solid waste Incineration.” Air and Waste Management Association Annual Meeting, Baltimore MD.
[6]. Jia- Hong Kuo, Hui-Hsin Tseng, P. Srinivasa Rao, & Ming- Yen wey (2008). “The prospect and Development of Incinerators for municipal solid waste treatment and characteristics of their pollutants in Taiwan.” Applied Thermal Engineering,; 28(17/-18),: 2305-2314.
[7]. V. Ganapathy (1995). “ Recover heat from waste incineration.” Hydrocarbon Processing.
[8]. P. Rademakers. “Review on corrosion in waste incinerators, and possible effect of bromine.” TNO report.
[9]. Fordham, R.J. & Baxter D. (2003). “The impact of increasing demand for efficiency and reliability on the performance of waste-to-energy plants.”, Materials at high temperature,; 20(1), :19-25.
[10]. Lee Shang-Hsiu, & Themelis Nickolas J. (2007). “High-Temperature Corrosion in Waste-to-Energy Boilers.”, Journal of Thermal Spray Technology, 16(1),: 104-110.
[11]. Flemming J. Frandsen, Karin Laursen, & Stelios Arvelakis (2004). “Ash Chemistry in MSW Incineration Plants: Advanced Characterization and Thermodynamic Considerations. ” Final Technical Report in EFP Project, J. No. 1373/01-0029.
[12]. Lawrence A. Ruth (1998). “Energy from municipal solid waste: a comparison with coal combustion technology.” Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,; 24,: 545-564.
[13]. http://www.tribuneindia.com, dated 04/12/2009
[14]. Pedersen Anne J. Frandsen Flemming J. & Riber Christian (2009). “A Full-scale Study on the Partitioning of Trace Elements in Municipal Solid Waste Incinerations Effects of Firing Different Waste Types.”, Energy & Fuels,; 23(7),: 3475-3489.
[15]. Fantini V. (2007). “Laser Cladding: a new Technology for corrosion and Erosion Protection of Boiler Tubes.” Global Coating solutions: Proceedings of the International Thermal spray conference, 1120-1124.
[16]. Krause H. H. (1996).“Boiler tube failures in municipal waste to energy plants.” Materials performance, 35 (1), :46-53.
[17]. Lu W.M., Pan T.J., & Zhang K. (2008). “Accelerated corrosion of five commercial steels under a ZnCl2–KCl deposit in a reducing environment typical of waste gasification at 673–773 K.”, Corrosion Science,; 50(7),: 1900-1906.
[18]. http://www.city.sakai.osaka.jp
[19]. Krause H.H. (1986). “High Temperature corrosion problems in waste incineration systems.” Journal of Materials for Energy Systems, 7 (4),: 322-332.
[20]. Wenchao Ma, & Susanne Rotter (2008). “Overview on the chlorine origin of MSW and Cl-originated corrosion during MSW & RDF combustion process.”, Bioinformatics & Biomedical Engineering,; ICBBE,: 4255-4258.
[21]. Nobuo Otsuka (2002). “ Effects of fuel impurities on the fireside corrosion of boiler tubes in advanced power generating systems–a thermodynamic calculation of deposit chemistry.”, Corrosion Science,; 44,: 265-283.
[22]. Becidan Michael (2009). “Corrosion in waste-fired boilers: A thermodynamic study.” Fuel,; 88,: 595–604.
[23]. Christian Deuerling, & Jurgen Maguhn (2009). “Investigation of the Mechanisms of Heat Exchanger Corrosion in a Municipal Waste Incineration Plant by Analysis of the Raw Gas and Variation of Operating Parameters.”, Heat Transfer Engineering,; 30(10/–11),: 822-831.
[24]. Arvelakis S. (2008).“ Studying the melting behaviour of fly ash from the incineration of MSW using viscosity and heated stage XRD data.”, Fuel, ; 87,: 2269-2280.
[25]. James Cheng-Hsien Chu (1999). “Design and Operating Experience for a Fluidized Bed Incinerator to treat Industrial Hazardous Scum and Waste Oils.”, J. Chemical Engineering, 16(6),: 795-797.
[26]. Nielsen Hanne Philbert, Flemming J. Frandsen, & Kim Dam-Johansen (1999). “Lab-Scale Investigations of High-Temperature Corrosion Phenomena in Straw-Fired Boilers.”, Energy & Fuels,; 13,: 1114-1121.
[27]. Bu-Qian Wang (1995).“ Erosion-corrosion of coatings by biomass-fired boiler fly ash.”, Wear,; 188,: 40-48.
[28]. Hanne Philbert Michelsen, & Flemming Frandsen (1998). “Deposition and high temperature corrosion in a 10MW straw fired boiler.”, Fuel Processing Technology, 54,: 95–108.
[29]. Nielsena H.P., & Frandsena F.J. (2000). “The implications of chlorine-associated corrosion on the operation of biomass-fired boilers.”, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 26,: 283–298.
[30]. Guilemany J.M., & Torrell M. (2008). “Study of the HVOF Ni-Based Coatings Corrosion Resistance Applied on Municipal Solid-Waste Incinerators.”, Journal of Thermal Spray Technology, 17(2),: 254-262.
[31]. Marek Pronobis (2006). “The influence of biomass co-combustion on boiler fouling and efficiency.”, Fuel, 85,: 474–480.
[32]. Obernberger Ingwald (1997).“ Concentrations of inorganic elements in biomass fuels and recovery in the different ash fractions.”, Biomass and Bioenergy, 12 (3),: 211-224.
[33]. Hristov J. Y. (2002). “Fluidized bed combustion as a risk-related technology a scope of some potential problems.” IFRF Combustion Journal, Article Number 200208: ISSN 1562-479X.
[34]. Khan A.A, Jong W. De, Jansens P.J., H. Spliethoff (2009). Biomass combustion in fluidized bed boilers: Potential problems and remedies.” Fuel Processing Technology, 90,: 21-50.
[35]. Unified Facilities Guide Specifications (2009).
[36]. Singh Satnam, Prakash Vinit (2007). “Toxic Environmental Releases from Medical Waste Incineration: A Review.”, Environ Monit Assess, 67-81.
[37]. Chandel Munish Kumar, Alappat B.J. (2002). “Fluidized Bed Incineration of Hospital Waste”. Sustainable Environmental Sanitation and Water Services, 28th WEDC Conference, Kolkata, India.
[38]. Nepal Smiti (2008). “Feasibility Assessment on the Implementation of Medical Waste Incinerator and Air Pollution Control Device in Kratovo, Macedonia.” Project Report 2008.
[39]. Otsuka Nobuo (2008). “A thermodynamic approach on vapor-condensation of corrosive salts from fuel gas on boiler tubes in waste incinerators.”, Corrosion Science, 50,: 1627–1636.
[40]. Brian A. Baker, Gaylord D. Smith, & Lewis E. Shoemaker. “Performance of Commercial Alloys in Simulated Waste Incineration Environments.” Special Metals Corporation, Huntington.
[41]. Marek Pronobis (2006). “ The influence of biomass co-combustion on boiler fouling and efficiency.”, Fuel,; 85,: 474-480.
[42]. Iisa K., Lu Y., & Salmenoja K. (1999). “Sulphation of Potassium Chloride at Combustion Conditions.”, Energy and Fuels, 13,: 1184-1190.
[43]. Otero E., Pardo A., & Perez F. J. (1998). “Corrosion Behavior of 12CrMoV Steel in Waste Incineration Environments: Hot Corrosion by Molten Chlorides.”, Oxidation of Metals, 49(5/6),): pp 467-484.
[44]. Krause H.H. (1986). “High temperature Corrosion Problems in Waste Incineration Systems.”, J. of Materials for Energy Systems, 7(4),): pp 322-332.
[45]. Ishitsuka Tetsuo, & Nose Koichi (2002). “Stability of protective oxide films in waste incineration environment – solubility measurement of oxides in molten chlorides.”, Corrosion Science, 44,: 247-263.
[46]. Kawahara Y. & Kira M. (1997). “Corrosion Prevention of Waterwall Tube by Field Metal Spraying in Municipal Waste Incineration Plants.”, Corrosion, 53(3),): 241-251.
[47]. Uusitalo M. A., Vuoristo P. M. J., & Mantyla T. A. (2003). “High Temperature corrosion of coatings and boiler steels in oxidizing chlorine containing atmosphere.” Material Science and Engineering, 346,: 168-177.
[48]. Uusitalo M. A., Vuoristo P. M. J., & Mantyla T. A. (2004). “High Temperature corrosion of coatings and boiler steels below chlorine containing salt deposits.”, Corrosion Science, 46(6),): 1311-1331.
[49]. Skrifvars B.J., Backman R., & Hupa M. (2008). “Corrosion of superheater steel materials under alkali salt deposits Part 1: The effect of salt deposit composition and temperature.”, Corrosion Science, 50,: 1274–1282.
[50]. Enders Michael, & Spiegel Michael (1999). “Mineralogical and microchemical study of high temperature reactions in fly ash scale from a waste incineration plant.”, European Journal of Mineralogy, 11(4),): 763-774.
[51]. Ishitsuka T., & Nose K. (2000). “ Solubility study on protective oxide films in molten chlorides created by refuse incineration environment.”, Materials and Corrosion, 2000; 51(3),): 177-181.
[52]. Sidhu T. S., & Prakash S. “Hot corrosion and performance of nickel-based Coatings.”, Current Science, ; 90 (1),): 41-47.
[53]. Schütze M., Malessa M., Rohr V., & Weber T. (2006). “Development of coatings for protection in specific high temperature environments”, Surface & Coatings Technology, 201(7),): 3872–3879.
[54]. Gadow Rainer, Killinger Andreas, & Rauch Johannes (2008). “ New results in the High Velocity Suspension Flame Spraying (HVSFS).), Surface & Coatings Technology, 2008; 202,: 4329-4336.
If you have access to this article please login to view the article or kindly login to purchase the article

Purchase Instant Access

Single Article

North Americas,UK,
Middle East,Europe
India Rest of world
USD EUR INR USD-ROW
Pdf 35 35 200 20
Online 35 35 200 15
Pdf & Online 35 35 400 25

Options for accessing this content:
  • If you would like institutional access to this content, please recommend the title to your librarian.
    Library Recommendation Form
  • If you already have i-manager's user account: Login above and proceed to purchase the article.
  • New Users: Please register, then proceed to purchase the article.